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Head and Neck > Parotid, Eyes, Mouth, Ears, and Nose Anatomy > Flashcards

Parotid, Eyes, Mouth, Ears, and Nose Anatomy Flashcards

(103 cards)

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1
Q

Outline the bounds of the parotid region

A
  • Superior = Zygomatic arch
  • Posterior = External ear and anterior border of SCM
  • Medial = ramus of mandible
  • Anterior = masseter
  • Inferior = angle and inferior border of mandible
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2
Q

List the structures passing through the parotid gland

A
  • Facial nerve and branches (Temporal zygomatic, buccal, mandibular, cervical)
  • External carotid artery
  • Retromandibular vein
  • Auriculotemporal nerve
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3
Q

What encloses the parotid gland

A

Parotid sheath

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4
Q

How does the parotid duct (Stensen’s duct) enter the oral cavity

A

Pierces Buccinator to enter cavity opposite 2 maxillary molar tooth

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5
Q

What is the most superficial structure embedded in the parotid gland

A

Facial nerve

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6
Q

What nerve supplies the skin over the parotid gland

A

Greater auricular nerve

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7
Q

Describe the secretomotor innervation of the parotid gland

A

Parasympathetic - Glossopharyngeal to otic ganglion - post-synaptic via auriculotemporal nerve

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8
Q

What type of joint is the TMPJ

A

Modified hinge-type synovial

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9
Q

Arterial supply of the parotid gland

A

Branches of the external carotid

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10
Q

Venous drainage of the parotid gland

A

Retromandibular vein

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11
Q

Lymphatic drainage of the parotid gland

A

Deep cervical nodes

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12
Q

Describe the differences in saliva output with sympathetic vs parasympathetic stimulation of the parotid

A
  • Parasympathetic = water-rich, serous saliva

- Sympathetic = low-volume, enzyme rich

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13
Q

List the ligaments that attach the mandible to the cranium

A
  • Stylomandibular

- Sphenomandibular

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14
Q

Describe the distribution of the auriculotemporal nerve

A
  • Supplies sensory fibres to auricle and temporal regions
  • Sends articular fibres to TMJ
  • Conveys postsynaptic parasympathetic fibres to parotid gland
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15
Q

Describe the distribution of the inferior alveolar nerve

A
  • Supplies lower molar and premolar teeth

- Ends as mental nerve

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16
Q

Describe the distribution of the mental nerve

A
  • Supplies skin and mucous membranes of lower lip

- Skin of the chin

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17
Q

What nerve supplies the canines and incisor teeth

A

Incisor branch of mental/inferior alveolar nerve

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18
Q

Describe the distribution of the lingual nerve

A
  • Sensory to the anterior 2/3rd of the tongue

- Sensory to floor of the mouth and mandibular gums

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19
Q

Describe the course of the lingual nerve

A
  • Arises from posterior trunk of the mandibular nerve (branch of trigeminal)
  • Runs past tensor veli palatani and lateral pterygoid where it is joined by chorda tympani
  • Runs formward from mylohyoid
  • Winds around submandibular duct
  • Eventually reaches periosteum of 3rd molar tooth
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20
Q

Where is the otic ganglion situated

A

Infratemporal fossa - just inferior to foramen ovale

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21
Q

Temporalis (OIIA)

A 
O = floor of temporal fossa 
I = coronoid process and anterior border of ramus 
I = CN V3 via deep temporal branches 
A = elevates mandible
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22
Q

Masseter (OIIA)

A 
O = Inferior border of maxillary process of zygomatic bone 
I = Angle and lateral surface fo ramus of mandible 
I = CN V3 via masseteric nerve 
A = elevates mandible
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23
Q

Lateral Pterygoid (OIIA)

A 
O = two heads 1) infratemporal surface of greater wing of sphenoid, 2) lateral surface of pterygoid plate 
I = Joint capsule and pterygoid fovea on neck of condyloid process of mandible 
I = CN V3 via lateral pterygoid nerve 
A = protracts mandible and depresses chin
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24
Q

Medial Pterygoid (OIIA)

A 
O = two heads 1) medial surface of lateral pterygoid plate, 2) tuberosity of maxilla 
I = Medial surface of ramus of mandible 
I = CN V3 via medial pterygoid nerve 
A = acts synergistically with masseter to elevate jaw, grinds jaw
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25
What muscle forms the floor of the mouth
- Mylohyoid - joins at the midline raphe | - Reinforced by geniohyoid superiorly
26
What connects the tongue to the mandible
Frenulum
27
Where are the sublingual papilla situated
Either side of the frenulum
28
What opens into the sublingual papilla
Submandibular (Wharton's) duct
29
Origin of the lingual nerve
Mandibular division of the trigeminal nerve
30
When is the lingual nerve typically damaged
3rd molar tooth extraction
31
Which muscles does the hypoglossal nerve innervate
- Supplies superior limb of ansa cervicalis (C1) to innervate infrahyoid muscles - Supplies all muscle of the tongue except palatoglossus
32
Describe the sulcus terminalis
- V-shaped groove that separates the buccal and pharyngeal parts of the tongue - Foramen caecum lies at the apex
33
Histological structure of the tongue
Covered by thick stratified squamous epithelium bearing papillae on the anterior 2/3rd
34
Where are the taste buds situated
Within the papillae of the surface epithelium of the tongue
35
List the extrinsic muscle of the tongue
1. Genioglossus 2. Styloglossus 3. Hyoglossus 4. Palatoglossus
36
Describe the attachments and function of Genioglossus
Attachments: Arises from the mandibular symphsis. Inserts into the body of the hyoid bone and the entire length of the tongue. Function: Inferior fibres protrude the tongue, middle fibres depress the tongue, and superior fibres draw the tip back and down
37
Describe the attachments and function of Styloglossus
Attachments: Originates at the styloid process of the temporal bone and inserts into the side of the tongue Function: Retracts and elevates the tongue
38
Describe the attachments and function of Hyoglossus
Attachments: Arises from the hyoid bone and inserts into the side of the tongue Function: Depresses and retracts the tongue
39
Describe the attachments and function of palatoglossus
Attachments: Arises from the palatine aponeurosis and inserts broadly across the tongue Function: Elevates the posterior aspect of the tongue
40
What innervates palatoglossus
Vagus nerve
41
Blood supply of the tongue
Lingual branch of the external carotid artery
42
Outline the lymphatic drainage of the tongue
- Anterior 2/3 shows minimal communication across the midline (unilateral nodal disease) - Posterior 1/3 have communicating networks (bilateral disease) - Tip drains to submental nodes to deep cervical nodes - Mid-portion drains to submandibular nodes to deep cervical nodes (more centrally located tumours will likely have bilateral nodal disease)
43
Outline the innervation of the tongue
``` Anterior 2/3: - Sensory = lingual branch of V3 - Taste = chorda tympani of CN 7 Posterior 1/3: - Sensation and taste = CN 9 ```
44
Describe the result of hypoglossal nerve damage
- Wasting of the tongue on the SAME SIDE of the lesion | - Deviates towards the lesion
45
Describe the superficial relations of the submandibular gland
- Platysma - Marginal mandibular branch of facial nerve - Cervical branch of facial nerve - Facial vein
46
Describe the deep relations of the submandibular gland
- Mylohyoid - Hyoglossus - Lingual nerve - Hypoglossal nerve
47
What nerve crosses the submandibular (Wharton's) duct
Lingual nerve
48
Where are the submandibular lymph nodes located
Between the gland and the mandible
49
What is the most superficial structure faced on approach to the submandibular gland
Facial vein
50
Where is the incision made to access the submandibular gland
Incision 3cm below the mandible to avoid the mandibular branch of the facial nerve
51
What nerve innervates the tonsillar fossa
Glossopharyngeal nerve
52
Where is the sublingual gland located
- Immediately below the mucosa of the floor of the mouth - Immediately in front of the deep part of the submandibular gland - Separated from base of tongue medially by lingual nerve and submandibular duct - Laterally rests on the sublingual groove of the mandible
53
From where is the ear derived
6 hillocks of His (derived from the first and second branchial arches)
54
Where is the thyroid derived
Foramen caecum (between 1st and 2nd branchial pouches)
55
Where are the parafollicular C cells derived
5th branchial pouch
56
Auricle cartilage type
Elastic
57
Outline the innervation of the auricle
- Upper lateral surface = auriculotemporal nerve | - Lower lateral and medial surface = great auricular nerve
58
How long is the EAC
3cm
59
What produces ear wax
Cerumen wax-producing glands (modified sweat glands)
60
Outline the sensory supply to the EAC
- Auriculotemporal nerve - Auricular branch of vagus - Facial nerve via tympanic plexus
61
Origin of the eustachian tube, middle-ear cleft, and its extension to the mastoid antrum
First branchial pouch
62
External ear origin
First branchial cleft
63
Outline the 3 layers of the tympanic membrane
- Outer ectodermal layer = squamous epithelium - Inner endodermal layer = respiratory-like epithelium - Middle mesodermal layer = fibrous layer
64
How is the tympanic membrane divided
- Pars flaccida (the attic) | - Pars tensa (lower part)
65
What connects the tympanic membrane to the tympanic annulus of the temporal bone
Fibrous annulus
66
Outline the external nerve supply of the tympanic membrane
- Auriculotemporal (CN 5) - Vagus - Facial - Glossopharyngeal
67
Outline the internal nerve supply of the tympanic membrane
Tympanic branch of the glossopharyngeal nerve (Jacobsen's nerve)
68
Which muscle protects the ear when loud noise is present
Tensor tympani - inserts into the malleus (tenses the tympanic membrane)
69
Describe the roof of the middle ear
Thin layer of bone called the tegmen tympani separates the MEC from the dura of the middle cranial fossa
70
Describe the promontory of the MEC
Bulge into the MEC formed by the basal turn of the cochlea - it is covered by the tympanic plexus (from the glossopharyngeal nerve)
71
What type of joint is between the ossicles
Synovial joint
72
Describe the course of Chorda tympani
- Arises from the descending portion of the facial nerve (in the mastoid) - Passes posteriorly between the layers of tympanic membrane - Exits the MEC through the petrotympanic fissue - Joins the lingual nerve and supplies taste to anterior 2/3 of tongue
73
Describe the tympanic plexus
- Formed from CN 9 and CN 7 - Forms Jacobsen's nerve (CN 9) which forms the lesser petrosal nerve as it leaves the MEC - Joins the auriculotemporal nerve and is parasympathetic to the parotid gland
74
Origin of the inner ear (labyrinth)
Otic placode of ectoderm at 3 weeks gestation
75
List the semicircular canals of the inner ear
1. Anterior 2. Posterior 3. Lateral
76
Blood supply to the inner ear
Labyrinthine artery (branch of the basilar artery)
77
Outline the blood supply to the nose
- Lateral nasal artery (branch of facial artery) - Nasal dorsal artery (terminal branch of ophthalmic artery) - External nasal artery (from anterior ethmoidal artery)
78
How is the nasal cavity divided
1. Vestibule 2. Respiratory region 3. Olfactory region
79
What innervates the septum and lateral walls of the nose
- Nasopalatine nerve (branch of the maxillary nerve) | - Nasociliary nerve (branch of ophthalmic nerve)
80
What innervates the external skin of the nose
Trigeminal nerve
81
Where do the paranasal sinuses drain
Middle meatus of the nasal cavity
82
List the paranasal sinuses
1. Maxillary 2. Frontal 3. Ethmoid 4. Sphenoid
83
What divides the tongue into anterior 2/3rd and posterior 1/3rd
Sulcum terminalis
84
What forms the anterior tonsillar pillar
Palatoglossus muscle
85
What forms the posterior tonsillar pillar
Palatopharyngeus muscle
86
Define the bounds of the oral cavity
Vermillion border of the lips to the anterior tonsillar pillar
87
What are circumvillate papillae
Taste receptors
88
Name the space between the base of the tongue and the epiglottis
Vallecula
89
Origin of the posterior 1/3rd of the tongue
3rd branchial arch
90
Function of genioglossus
Protrudes the tongue
91
Function of styloglossus
Retracts the tongue
92
Function of hyoglossus
Rolls the tongue
93
Function of palatolgossus
Closes the oropharyngeal isthmus when swallowing
94
Blood supply and venous drainage of the tongue
- Lingual artery | - Directly to internal jugular vein
95
Blood supply of the hard palate
Greater palatine artery
96
Lymphatic drainage of the hard palate
Retropharyngeal nodes
97
Innervation of hard palate
Branches of maxillary nerve: - Nasopalatine nerve (via incisive foramen) - Greater palatine nerve (vial greater palatine foramen)
98
List the 4 main muscles of the soft palate
1. Tensor veli palatani (forms posterior edge) 2. Levator veli palatani (superior surface) 3. Palatoglossus (anterior edge) 4. Palatopharyngeus (posterior pillar)
99
List the divisions of the ophthalmic branch of the trigeminal
- Lacrimal - Supraorbital - Supratrochlear - Infratrochlear - External nasal
100
List the divisions of the maxillary branch of the trigeminal
- Zygomaticotemporal - Zygomaticofacial - Infraorbital
101
List the divisions of the mandibular branch of the trigeminal
- Auriculotemporal - Buccal - Mental
102
Secretomotor fibres of the lacrimal apparatus
Parasympathetic fibres of the pterygopalatine ganglion: - Pre-ganglionic = greater petrosal nerve, branch of facial nerve - Post-ganglionic = zygomaticotemporal nerve
103
Arterial supply of the lacrimal glands
Lacrimal branch of ophthalmic artery

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