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Part 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Measures reduction in light transmission by PARTICLES IN SUSPENSION

A

Turbidimetry

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2
Q

Similar to turbidimetry, but light is measured AT AN ANGLE FROM LIGHT SOURCE

A

Nephelometry

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3
Q

Chemical rxn produces colored subs that absorbs light of a specific wL

Amt of light absorbed = analyte concen’n

A

SPECTROPHOTOMETRY

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4
Q

Measures light absorbed by GROUND STATE ATOMS

A

AAS

Atomic absorption spectrophotometry

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5
Q

Atoms absorb light of SPECIFIC wL and emit light of longer wL (lower energy)

A

Fluorometry

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6
Q

Chemical rxn that produces light

Involves oxidation of (3)

A

Chemiluminiscence;

  1. Luminol.
  2. Acridinium esters
  3. Dioxetanes
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7
Q

Critical component of all spectrophotometers

Device use to select the appropriate wL

A

Monochromator/wL selector

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8
Q

Types of wavelength selector (4)

A
  1. Filter
  2. Prism
  3. Grating monochromator
  4. Holographic gratings
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9
Q

Atoms absorb energy at a particular wL

A

Excitation

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10
Q

In fluorescence, electrons release energy as they return to ground state by:

A

EMITTING LIGHT ENERGY OF A LONGER WAVELENGTH AND LOWER ENERGY THAN THE EXCITING WL
(⬆️ Wavelength = ⬇️ energy)

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11
Q 
Fasting samples (5)
At least 8hours
A 
FLIGhT
Fbs
Lipid panel
Insulin
Gastrin
TAG
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12
Q

Tests that needs CHILLING

-slurry of crushed ice and water - ice cubes alone will lyse RBC

A 
A3 G2 L P2 R
ACTH, ammonia, Acetone
Gastrin, Glucagon
Lactic acid
Pyruvate, PTH
Renin
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13
Q

TestS that need WARMING (2)
37’ heat block
Heel warmer
Hold in hand

A

Cryoglobulins

Cold agglutinins

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14
Q

Protection from light (5)

- aluminum foil

A

BCEV2

Bilirubin
Carotene
Erythrocyte protoporphyrin
Vit A, Vit B12

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15
Q

Requires CHAIN OF CUSTODY (3)

- lockbox may be required

A

Blood alcohol
Drug screens
DNA analysis

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16
Q

Increased upon PUMPING FIST DURING VENIPUNCTURE

A

PLaCK ⬆️

Phosphorus
LActic acid
Calcium
K+

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17
Q

DECREASED upon PUMPING FIST DURING VENIPUNCTURE

A

⬇️ pH (acidic)

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18
Q

TOURNIQUET > 1 min (⬆️)

A

K+
Lactic acid
Total proteins

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19
Q

Hemolysis causes ⬆️ in (7)

A 
KLAMP I
K+
LD
Ammonia, Ast
Mg
Phosphorus 
Iron
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20
Q

Tube for LEAD DETERMINATIONS

A

Tan top (EDTA)
Tan Hemogard closure tubes
inversions: 8 times

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21
Q

Lead content of Tan Top tube

A

Less than 0.1 ug/mL lead

K2 EDTA

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22
Q

Measured every 3-6 months to monitor glycemic control

A

Hba1c

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23
Q

Decreased GLYCOSYLATED HB (HBA1C)

A
  1. Shortened RBC survival
  2. Lower mean RBC age:
    - hemolysis, recovery fr. acute blood loss, transfusions or splenectomy
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24
Q

Used to assess short-term (3-6weeks) glycemic control

A

Fructosamine

- average half life of proteins is 2-3weeks

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25
Most common method of urea assay couples urease with:
GLDH | glutamate dehydrogenase
26
Rate of disappearance of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (reduced, NADH) at __nm
340 nm
27
Anticoagulant that will interfere with mtds using urease
fluoride (gray top) | - it inhibits the urease rxn
28
Effect of cephalosporins when Jaffe rxn is used
Falsely increased | - jaffe mtd is subj to interference by a-keto acids and cephalosporin
29
Used to determine prognosis
Blood ammonia | - correlation between HEPATIC ENCEPHALOPATHY & Plasma ammonia is not always consistent
30
Better than blood ammonia as indicator of the severity of disease
Arterial ammonia
31
Gold standard for Acute Coronary Syndrome (MI)
Cardiac troponins (cTNI, cTNT)
32
Proteolytic fragments of collagen I formed during bone resorption (turnover)
Cross linked C-Telopeptide (CTXS)
33
Biochemical marker for bone resorption and can be detected in serum and urine
CTX
34
New test for the diagnosis and prediction if IMPENDING PRETERM DELIVERY
Fetal Fibronectin (fFN)
35
Increased after meal consumption
TAG (carried by chylomicrons and chylomicron remnant) | POSTPRANDIAL LIPEMIA
36
3-STEP PROCEDURE FOR HDL-c MEASUREMENT
1. Ultracentrifugation - remove VLDL 2. Heparin manganese Pptn - remove LDL 3. Analysis of supernatant cholesterol (ABELL-KENDALL ASSAY)
37
Reference method for measuring cholesterol
GC-MS | - specific; does not measure related sterols
38
Show great selectivity for K+
VALINOMYCIN MEMBRANES | - used as ion selective carrier
39
Sodium level in SIADH
Decreased | Hypoosmolar Hyponatremia
40
Characterized by a euvolemic Hypoosmolar, Hyponatremia associated with HYPEROSMOLAR URINE (result of continued inappropriate natriuresis)
SIADH SECRETION
41
Due to HYPERPROTENEMIA and HYPERLIPIDEMIA results from the dilution of sample
Pseudohyponatremia
42
Measurement of sodium with Flame photometer and ISE method (indirect) always result in this type of error because sample is always diluted
Pseudohyponatremia
43
Accompanied by normal plasma osmolality because of the accumulation of some abnormal osmols or abnormal concentrations of non-sodium osmols
TRUE HYPONATREMIA
44
Non-sodium osmols (3)
Alcohol Urea Glucose
45
Effect of acute hyperglycemia to sodium
HYPONATREMIA | - result of water shift from the cell
46
Serum sodium decreases by __ mmol/L every 100 mg/dL rise in serum glucose
1.6
47
``` Electrolyte involved in: Blood coagulation Enzyme activity Excitability or skeletal and cardiac mse Maintenance of BP ```
Calcium
48
Causes HYPERCALCEMIA (6)
“CHIMPS” ``` Cancer Hyperthyroidism Iatrogenic causes Multiple myeloma hyperParathyroidism Sarcoidosis ```
49
Causes HYPOCALCEMIA (5)
“CHARD” ``` Calcitonin Hypoparathyroidism Alkalosis Renal failure Vit D deficiency ```
50
⬆️ iCa | ⬆️ PTH
Parathyroid glands (adenoma, carcinoma)
51
⬆️ Ica | ⬇️ PTH
CHIMS ``` Cancer Hyperthyroidism Iatrogenic causes Multiple myeloma Sarcoidosis ```
52
Formula for TIBC
TIBC = UIBC + SERUM IRON
53
Formula for TRANSFERRIN SATURATION
Transferrin saturation (%) = Serum iron/tibc x 100
54
Essential cofactor of more than 300 enzymes
Magnesium
55
Influence on the activity of more than 300 enzymes
Zinc
56
``` Are amphoteric and show DECREASED ABSORPTION when take with foods or medications containing: Calcium Aluminum Mg Iron ```
TETRACYCLINES
57
Source of ALP which is heat labile
Bone (90% inhibited by heat and urea)
58
Source of ALP which is most Heat stable
Placenta
59
Order of anodal migration of ALP source of enzyme
Liver Bone Placenta/Regan Intestine
60
ALP enzymes most inhibited by L-phenylalanine
Placenta and Regan (Carcinoma) -80%
61
Reference method for measuring ALP
Bowers-mccomb | Substrate: p-nitrophenylphosphate
62
Method for measuring Total ACP activity which is MORE SPECIFIC FOR PROSTATIC FORM
Roy
63
Roy method for ACP substrate
Thymolphthalein monosphosphate
64
Increased amylase
Acute pancreatitis | Mumps
65
Lab dx of acute pancreatitis
Elevation of serum and urine amylase | ⬆️ serum lipase
66
Amylase: elevation, peak and return to normal level
ELEVATION: 2-12 hrs of an attack PEAK: 24 Hrs NORMALIZE: 3-5 DAYS
67
Lipase | PEAK AND HOW LONG IS IT ELEVATED
12-24hrs and REMAINS ELEVATED LONGER THAN AMS
68
Causes of INCREASED AMYLASE (6)
``` Mumps Cholecystitis Hepatitis Cirrhosis Ruptured ectopic pregnancy Macroamylasemia ```
69
Benign condition in which AMS binds to an Ig molecule. | Chronic ⬆️ serum AMS, but NORMAL urine AMS
Macroamylasemia
70
Suppress or inhibit serum AMS activity
TRIGLYCERIDES
71
Ph electrode immersed in a bicarbonate solution used for measuring the partial pressure of CO2 (pco2) in blood
PCO2 electrode
72
Change in pH because of INCREASE carbonic acid in the electrolyte surrounding the electrodes
Measurement of CO2 in blood by means of pco2
73
Calibration of blood gas analyzer
2 buffers with known pH and constant Temperature
74
Why does blood gas analyzer use 2 different standard buffers
To calibrate the ISEs for measuring pH
75
Measurement of pH is temperature-sensitive procedure, so its is impt that analyzer be maintained at___ on the heat block
37’ +_ 0.05’C
76
Method used to measure PHEOCHROMOCYTOMA
24-HR URINARY METANEPHRINE | - 95% sensitive and is the best single test
77
Tumor marker for BREAST, OVARIAN AND GIT
Her-2/neu
78
Methods used to measure Her2/neu
IHC FISH ELISA
79
Increased PSA (4)
Prostate cancer Acute/chronic prostate inflammation Benign prostate hypertrophy Transurethral prostate resection or biopsy
80
Reference value of PSA
0-4 ng/mL
81
Indication of rising PSA level after surgery
Recurring malignancy

A S C P I (7 decks)

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