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Z) history: first world war > part 1 > Flashcards

part 1 Flashcards

1
Q 
Britain before the war
rulers
army size
colonies
problems
A 
largest empire
queen victoria (close to kaiser) then george v
army 710,000, 122 ships, 64 subs
ruled 1/4 population
masive economic inequailty
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2
Q 
france before the war
who ruled
army size
colonies
problems
A
  • pride lost in franco prussian war(1870) lost alsace, lorraine
  • no royal family, army had lots of power, politicians hated ger
  • 1.25mil soldiers, 46 ships, 73 subs
  • mostly african colonies (2nd largest empire)
  • populations shrinking and goods slower producing
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3
Q 
russia before the war
who ruled
army size
colonies
problems
A
  • very ethnically mixed
  • tsar nicholas (believed god chose him) had bad leadership chose corrupt people
  • 1.2 mil army (bad training), 26 ships, 29 subs
  • no colonies oversea (wanted balklans)
  • extreme poverty, trade union illegal
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4
Q 
germany before the war
who ruled
army size
colonies
problems
A
  • recently became a country, had made rapid growth
  • willhelm II, autocratic, was a dictator
  • 2,2 mil army, 85 ships, 23 subs
  • small empie but wanted to build
  • wages and working conditions low
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5
Q 
Austria-Hungary before war
who ruled
army size
colonies
problems
A
  • many nationalities and ethnic groups
  • overall emperor franz josef (liked) but had two parliaments (vienna (aust)) (budapest (hung)) (disliked)
  • 810k army, 24 ships, 6 subs
  • no overseas colonies but wanted balklans
  • many tensions between ethnic groups (violence)
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6
Q

alliances

  • 1879
  • 1882
  • 1892
A
  • dual alliance: GER and AH (natural allies)
  • Triple alliance: GER, AH, ITA (italy viewed as minor)
  • Franco-Russian: FR worried after franco prussian war deal meant of either were attakced ger would be wedged between
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7
Q

alliances

  • 1904
  • 1907
A
  • entente cordiale: BR and FR (ger had supported boers in war in Sout Africa BR increasingly worried
  • Triple Entente - BR joined
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8
Q

Morrocan Crises

  • entente cordiale
  • kaiser
A
  • morocco was on of few areas not colonised, part of entente cordiale, BR agreed to help attempt to take over morocco, spain and IT didnt mind
  • visited Tangier and pledged support to sultan, challenge to FR ambitions wanted to test:
    • how far FR pushed
    • entente cordiale
    • demonstrate GER interest in expansion
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9
Q

Moroccan Crises

  • Algeciras Conference
  • outcome
A
  • Jan 1906 , international conference with major european nations and usa held in algeciras to settle conflict
  • humiliating for GER only AH supported
  • FR got special rights in morocco although stopped from colonising, were given control of police
  • kaiser now knew how strong entente was and helped form triple entente
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10
Q

Second Morocco crisis

  • 1911
  • kaiser
A
  • rebellion against sultan in capital city, sultan asked for help FR sent 20,000 soldiers to fight rebels
  • accused FR of invading Morocco and sent warship (panther) to agadir port to show strength, BR worried as had a navy base near and thought GER creating one so prepped for war
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11
Q

Second Moroccan crisis

  • solutions
  • France
  • outcome
A
  • meetings between GER, FR and BR held and peaceful solution found , BR and FR against GER and kaiser backed down and got warship to leave
  • took control of Morocco but GER given land in central Africa as compensation
  • GER humiliated and wouldnt back down again
  • Ger people fully supported kaiser in talks of war
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12
Q

The Balklans 1908-1909

  • empire
  • surrounding nations
A
  • early 1900s ottoman empire was weak and countries in balklans rebelled against turkish rule, greece and serbia won freedom, some semi independent (bulgaria) so had to support in war
  • AH and RUS saw as opportunity to gain land and increase influence (rus could make easier trade)
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13
Q

The Balklans 1908- 1909

  • rebellion
  • serbia reaction
A
  • 1908 rebellion in turkey, AH had unofficially run Bosnianfor many years and took advantage of rebellion to say it was annexing Bosnia and absorbing it to empire
  • angered by AH annexation of fellow slav nation and asked russia to take action, RUS was close to serb so called for international comference to discuss AH actions
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14
Q

The Balklans 1908-1909

  • German reaction
  • Russia
A
  • unhappy with AH but still promised to support

- either stand up for Serb and Bos and take on AH and Ger or back down, backed down as felt it wasnt strong enough

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15
Q

The Balklans 1908-1909

- results

A
  • most Bosnians resented AH rule, wanted serb
  • secret societies formed to rid AH influence
  • RUS vowed they wouldnt back down again and built more weapons
  • IT unhappy so weakened alliance
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16
Q

The Balklan Wars

  • 1911
  • Balklan league
A
  • Italy beat Turk in italian-turkish war and took control of land in libya and islands in aegean sea, countries saw as chance to gain full independence
  • Greece, Serbia, Bulgaria, Montenegro set up to expel turks from balklans, helped by russia as felt group of mostly slav nations would be a great ally
17
Q

The Balkan War

  • 1912
  • aftermath
  • second war
A
  • in october, turkey attacked, lasted 50 days, turk lost and at peace conference in may 1913 agreed to withdraw from all controlled areas in europe, albania got independenca and remaining land shared with balklan league
  • countries argued about land and king of bulgaria wanted more land so decleared war on serbi and greece
  • turkey and romania joined in against bulgaria hoping for land and was disaster for bulgaria, lost almost all gains from first balklan war
18
Q

The Balkan War

- results

A
  • serbia almost doubled in size and was strongest of all balkans
  • serbia became more determined to be leader of all slav in balkans including AH
  • serbs in bosnia wanted to break free of AH rule and join serb
  • AH saw growth of serb as major threat as allies with russia and had large experienced army (needed dealing with)
  • bulgaria wanted revenge on serbia
19
Q

splendid isolation

- reasons

A
  • security of empire depended on navy, BR felt as long as navy was as strong as two largest navies in world (FR and RUS) (two-power standard) they needed no military/ economic allies as navy gave all goods ans resources needed. spent £20 million on new warships
20
Q

splendid isolation

- challenges

A
  • as powerful europe nations split into two alliances BR looked isolated
    • BR and FR clashed over colonies in africa in late 1800 and almost went to war but agreements made brought them closer together
    • Ger built up army from 1898 and was threat to br power
    • triple alliance formed
    • franco russian alliance
    • ger supported boers who rebelled against brit rule
21
Q

splendid isolation

  • mediteranean
  • 4 ships
A
  • 1903 King edward vii whilst in mediteranean heard FR president also visiting
  • sent 4 ships as mark of respect to salute, president delighted and invited edward to paris
  • allowed them to become close and signed entent in 1904
22
Q

kaiser wilhelm ii

  • weltpolitik
  • interests
A
  • ‘world policy’ felt GER should be global power, and wanted larger empire with colonies over the world, in late 1800 began to conquer parts of africa
  • had passion for wearing militray uniform and spent life in army
23
Q

kaiser willhelm ii

  • navy
  • consequences
A
  • wanted large navy:
    •help take over and protect countries
    • wanted navy to rival BR, remained in debt from money spent
  • increased tensions, desire for colonies scared other countries about invasion and growing army and navy. countries started drawing out attack plans for war
24
Q

arms race

- money spent on army

A
  • 1870 major europe nations spent £90 mil between them
  • 1914 money quadrupled
  • GER increased 73% BR and FR around 10%, RUS 33% (japan 1905)
  • each country except BR forced men to join army (conscription)
25
Q

arms race

- military plans

A
  • BR- unit to FR to help
  • FR- march through alsace and lorraine and capture then to berlin (plan 17)
  • RUS- millions attack easter border GER and AH, plan 19
  • GER- attack FR quick then turn to RUS (schlieffen plan)
  • AH- mulitple plans based on different countries joining (plan B and plan R)
26
Q

arms race

  • anglo german naval race
  • new ships
  • 1909
A
  • 1901 kaiser said wanted empire to challenge BR and needed navy to do so
  • 1906 BR announced new ship called dreadnought, faster, stronger, more powerful GER ships called funf minuten
  • GER made rheinland (own version of dreadnaught) so BR mad improved version of dreadnought (super dreadnought)
27
Q

Black hand

  • Serbian feelings
  • Austria Hungary rule on Bosnia
A
  • strong nationalist feeling in serbia to unite all serb areas in balkans to one unified country (greater serbia)
  • took over bosnia in 1908 and many secret groups were formed to drive AH out of Balkan region most extreme group was black hand (army officers, lawyers, journalists, uni profs, students) willing to die for Black Hand
28
Q

Black Hand

  • aims
  • leader
  • members
  • assasination
A
  • unification of all serbs, did terrorist acts so were secret
  • 26 year old colonel Dimitrijevic code name Apis
  • 2500, some worked as guards on border so could cross from Serbia to Bosnia to carry out terror attacks like planting bombs
  • 1911, sent Black Hand member to assaisnate AH emperor Franz Josef but failed, then sent to kill important meber of AH govt but failed
29
Q

Black Hand
- AH response to terror attacks
-

A
  • outraged by terror attacks, thought ideas would inspire others to rebel, also suspected Serb govt knew about and was helping black hand, franz josef encouraged to crush serbia
  • AH said would test weapons and amry excersises in Bosnia by Serb border, announced Franz josef nephew franz ferdinand would visit sarajevo (bosnia capital) after watching, was scheduled on most important serbian day so felt it as insult and comfirmed to black hand AH directely threatening serbia
30
Q

the murder in sarajevo

  • day
  • arrival
  • assasins
A
  • 28 june 1914
  • Archduke and wife arrived at station at 9:28 then drove to town hall to meet mayor of sarajevo, crowds lined street and cars drove slow so royal couple could wave
  • waited for car along route, first member threw bomb at car to kill, bomb was deflected by archduke and exploded underneath, injuring several people, car sped to town hall
31
Q

The murder in sarajevo

  • archdukes reaction
  • 11 am
A
  • was furious and cancelled rest of visit but wanted to visit injured by bomb first
  • set off. Intending for different route but the driver didn’t know, at Schillers cafe the driver was told and stopped the car to turn round
32
Q

The murder in Sarajevo

- assassination

A
  • 19yo gavrilo princip (one of assassins) was heading home thinking plan failed, car stoped Infront of him, he pulled out his gun and fired two shots. Archduke shot in throat and wife in stomach, both killed
33
Q

After assassination

  • Response of AH
  • July crisis
A
  • Franz Josef and advisers felt Serbia played role in murders, leading politician and army general (Conrad bin Hotzendorf) felt war should be declared on Serbia
  • AH with support of GER sent ultimatum to Serbia
    ~ Serbia should take full responsibility for assassinations
    ~ get rid of Black Hand and other anti-Austrian groups
    ~ AH police allowed to Serbia to make sure Serbs doing all possible to get rid
    ~ given 48 hours to decide to accept
34
Q

After assassination

  • Serbian response
  • AH response
  • attacks start
A
  • king of Serbia accepted all demands except to allow AH police in, argued would challenge Serb independence and would give foothold
  • received response and broke of all communication and prepared army for war, declared war 1 month after assassination
  • began bombing capital city Belgrade, triggered chain of events
35
Q

War declared

  • 29 July
  • 30 July
  • 1 august
A
  • RUS supported Serb for years. When Tsar Nicholas II heard Serbia attacked he ordered RUS army to mobilise and prepare to go to Serbias aid
  • GER alliance with AH comes in. Kaiser sends message to tsar Nicholas to stop getting troops ready, many messages but nothing agreed
  • tsar refused to stop so GER declares war on RUS. FR prepares army for war
36
Q

War declared

  • 2 august
  • 3 august
A
  • GER begins Schlieffen plan, sends troops to Belgian border and asked for passage through BEL to FR but BEL refuses
  • GER declares war on FR and invades BEL brings BR into conflict (1839 treaty) to protect BEL if invaded, kaiser believes won’t stick to it, BR sends message to call off invasion
37
Q

War declared

  • 4 august
  • 5 august
  • 6 august
A
  • GER don’t respond to BR message and troops continue invasion, BR declare war
  • FR declare war on GER
  • AH declare war on RUS

Z) history: first world war (3 decks)

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