part 1

Question 1

-otomy

Answer 1

A surgical procedure in which a structure is cut.

Question 2

-ectomy

Answer 2

A surgical procedure in which a portion of tissue is removed / resected.

Question 3

-stomy

Answer 3

A surgical procedure in which a new opening is created on a temporary or permanent basis.

Question 4

-plasty

Answer 4

A surgical procedure in which an alteration is performed to an organ or body structure, it is usually permanent. Think of plastic surgery. The term ”-plasty” is also used as a suffix when an artificial prosthesis is implanted to replace an original body part.

Question 5

-pexy

Answer 5

A surgical procedure in which a permanent or temporary adhesion is created between two structures (usually using suture, sometimes using atube).

Question 6

-oscopy

Answer 6

A surgical procedure involving the use of an optical instrument (an endoscope, an otoscope, an arthroscope, etc.) to visualize organs or structures.

Question 7

-rrhaphy

Answer 7

A surgical procedure in which a structure is sutured or repaired.

Question 8

-centesis

Answer 8

A surgical procedure in which a cavity or structure is punctured in order to aspirate fluid, air or tissue. Paracentesis is sometimes used synonymously.

Question 9

A ___ and ___ must be worn upon entering the surgical area.

The ___ is essential for walking into the room while the ___ should be worn at the time of preparation of the patient.

Answer 9

hat, mask

Question 10

Before the pack is opened, one should ensure that the pack has not expired and that ____________ indicating sterilization.

Answer 10

the tapes have changed colours

Question 11

The surgeon or technician should never reach ___ a pack and should rather _______ the pack to prevent contamination.

Answer 11

over, move around

Question 12

If the instrument package tears during opening, then the instrument is not considered ____ as it may have touched the outside edge of the paper

Answer 12

sterile

Question 13

If something contaminated touches an open surgical pack, what do we do?

Answer 13

replace the entire pack

Question 14

Each linen pack contains _______ followed by ________. This pack should be opened _________.

Answer 14

four ground drapes, a gown and hand towel
a second gown and hand towel
just prior to going to scrub

Question 15

The gloves shall be opened prior to _____ in order to ensure you do not need to wait for assistance.

Answer 15

going to scrub

Question 16

The instruments can only be set up by _____.

Answer 16

a sterile surgeon or technician

Question 17

______ need to be counted prior to surgery (and also at the end) to ensure none are left behind in the patient.

Answer 17

the gauze sponges

Question 18

The main scrub products used at this institution are:

Answer 18

povidone-iodine, chlorhexidine gluconate, and alcohol

Question 19

The ideal scrub products possess _______, ________, ________ and ________.
_______ and _________ fulfill these criteria the best.

Answer 19

-a broad spectrum of activity
-a rapid antimicrobial activity
-are not irritating to the skin
-allow for prolonged residual activity

-Chlorhexidine and iodophors

Question 20

Alcohols such as ethyl and isopropyl alcohol are used in concentrations of _____ percent to kill _____.

Answer 20

70 to 99, bacteria

Question 21

alcohol kills bacteria via what mechanism? How fast? Alcohol is also effective against what other pathogens, and ineffective against what?

Answer 21

cell membrane damage and protein denaturation
-Bactericidal activity takes effect immediately, but evaporation over a few minutes is required for greatest activity

Question 22

Alcohol is effective against what pathogens, and ineffective against what?

Answer 22

Mostly used for bacteria. Also effective against fungi but its activity against viruses and spores is poor

Question 23

_____ increases the activity of chlorhexidine and iodophors.

Answer 23

alcohol

Question 24

Alcohol is useful to help remove ___ from the skin and allows more thorough skin cleaning.

Answer 24

oils

Question 25

Iodophores are effective against what pathogens? They are ineffective against what?

Answer 25

-used to kill bacteria, enveloped and some non-enveloped viruses, fungi, protozoa, and yeasts but have poor activity against spores.

Question 26

Povidone-iodine requires at least _____ contact time to be effective.

Answer 26

2 minutes

Question 27

Iodophors kill by ___ and ___ when free iodine is released.

Answer 27

iodination, oxidation

Question 28

Iodophors may have persistent activity for ____ after use.

Answer 28

several hours

Question 29

Alcohol can increase the killing action of iodophors by ____

Answer 29

increase, liberating free iodine.

Question 30

disadvtanges of iodophores

Answer 30

-Iodophors are corrosive to metals, making them a poor choice for sterilization of instruments, can be cytotoxic and can cause thyroid dysfunction with prolonged use. -Povidone-iodine may also cause allergic responses in some individuals. -Iodophors are inactivated by organic debris and will stain fabric and tissues.

Question 31

Chlorhexidine is a _____ that is useful for killing___, ___, and ___.

Answer 31

bisbiguanide bacteria viruses fungi

Question 32

Chlorhexidine has a broad spectrum of activity but is more effective against gram-___ bacteria than gram-___ bacteria (i.e. Pseudomonas sp.) and ___.

Answer 32

positive negative, fungi

Question 33

chlorhexidine is better at killing viruses with what characteristic?

Answer 33

enveloped

Question 34

chlorhexidine has poor activity against ____

Answer 34

spores

Question 35

When used for scrubbing hands or patients, Chlorhexidine is not ____ and works within ____ to kill organisms. Despite a rapid onset of action, contact times of ____ are still recommended to reach maximum killing and better residual activity.

Answer 35

irritating to the skin 30 seconds 2 minutes

Question 36

drawbacks of chlorhexidine

Answer 36

Chlorhexidine is irritating to the eye, ototoxic and neurotoxic if it contacts the brain or meninges.

Question 37

how does chlorhexidine kill microorganisms

Answer 37

It kills microorganisms by increasing cell membrane permeability and precipitation of the cell contents.

Question 38

how long is the residual activity of chlorhexidine and why? does effectiveness change with repeated use?

Answer 38

Residual activity that lasts at least 6 hours is present due to binding to keratin, and effectiveness increases with repeated uses.

Question 39

how does the presence of organic debris effect chlorhexidine?

Answer 39

it does not

Question 40

Phenol and its derivatives are used as ____, ____, and ____.

Answer 40

antiseptics general disinfectants in cold sterilants

Question 41

____ and ____ are phenol derivatives that are used as antiseptics.

Answer 41

Bisphenols halogen-substituted phenols

Question 42

a bacteriostatic bisphenol that only possesses bacteriostatic activity against gram-positive bacteria.

Answer 42

Hexachlorophene

Question 43

Hexachlorophene kills at a ____ rate and has a residual effect lasting several hours.

Answer 43

slow to intermediate several hours

Question 44

drawbacks of hexachlorophene

Answer 44

-It can cause photosensitivity and dermatitis to people sensitive to phenols and should not be used on broken skin or mucous membranes due to irritation and absorption into the blood. -Many skin preparations are more effective than hexachlorophene, reducing its use in veterinary medicine.

Question 44

what phenol is inactivated if contacted with alcohol or other soaps but is not inactivated by organic debris?

Answer 44

Hexachlorophene

Question 45

____ (PCMX) is a halogen-substituted phenol that kills gram-___ bacteria by cell wall disruption and enzyme inactivation but has reduced activity against gram-___ bacteria.

Answer 45

Parachlorometaxylenol positive negative

Question 46

what is often done with PCMX to potentiate its activity against gram-negative bacteria

Answer 46

combined with other agents

Question 47

Onset of action of PCMX is ____ and contact times of ____ are recommended

Answer 47

slow to intermediate a few minutes

Question 48

PCMX may be toxic to ___ because it requires hepatic glucuronate conjugation for excretion.

Answer 48

cats

Question 49

_____ (i.e. benzalkonium chloride) are slow acting and are neutralized by gauze, cotton, iodine, rubber and anionic detergents and their efficacy can be decreased by other soaps and organic debris.

Answer 49

Quaternary ammonium compounds

Question 50

quaternary ammonium kills what? How? Poorly effective against what?

Answer 50

-Bacterial killing occurs by cell wall phospholipid destruction and is more effective against gram-positive than gram-negative bacteria. -They are poorly effective against viruses, fungi or spores.

Question 51

what is the residual activity of quaternary ammonium after use?

Answer 51

none

Question 52

drawbacks of quaternary ammonium

Answer 52

may cause mucosal ulceration.

Question 53

Triclosan is a diphenyl ether that has good killing action by ______. It is effective against both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria but specifically is not effective against _____ spp. Speed of killing is ____ and residual activity is present.

Answer 53

disrupting the bacterial cell wall Pseudomonas rapid to intermediate

Question 54

triclosan is effective against what?

Answer 54

gram + and- bacteria