Part 1 Flashcards

Question

Amino Acid Structure:

Answer 1

-amino group -r side chain -carboxyl group -we have 21 amino acids in body, 9 of them are essential to eat in our diet -ex. Cysteine, tyrosine, alanine

Answer 2

-key energy source for cells (used to generate ATP) -contains only C, H, O 3 main forms; mono, di and polysaccharides -monosaccharides = pentose (5C) and hexose (6C) Monosaccharides combine to make disaccharides via dehydration thetis (form glycosidic bond) -breakdown disaccharides via hydrolysis with the help of enzymes -Polysaccharides are effectively stored as they are insoluble in water -Main storage polysaccharide is glycogen in liver and skeletal muscle

Answer 3

-baby has fructosemia (can’t digest fructose) -lack of required enzymes cause interruption of a normal metabolic pathway and an accumulation of metabolic precursor, food is broken down improperly and vital organ damage is caused -Tx. Avoid fructose

Answer 4

-hydrophobic (insoluble in water) -1. Fatty acids (carboxyl group on end of carbon chain) -2. Lipids containing glycerol (lipid contains with 3 fatty acids to make triglyceride) -3. Steroids (3 cyclohexane and 1 cyclopentane)

Answer 5

solid at room temp, saturated with hydrogen -play an important role in hormone production, cardiovascular health, gene transcription, lipogenesis, apoptosis, cellular membrane structure, and protein signalling

Answer 6

fatty acid with amide linked polar groups: =nervous syste, sognalling

Answer 7

are are fatty acids that signal cell and tissue function (usually about 20 bent carbons) prostaglandins and leukotrienes and thromboxanes are examples of eicosanoids

Answer 8

arachidonic acid is a precursor to eicosanoids

Answer 9

prevents clotting so dont give during labour -blocks production of prostaglandins Aspirin/NSAIDs block COX-2 enzyme This doesn’t close ring so we can make eicosanoids Causes decreased thromboxane (thromboxane aids in blood clotting) -Thromboxane helps platelet aggregation, causing excessive bleeding and less clotting -thromboxane decreases prostaglandin that leads to closing of ductus arteriosus in baby -decreased prostaglandins reduces pain (prostaglandins cause high pain sensory) -can close baby’s ductus arteriosus during pregnancy

Answer 10

-count carbons/points, then omega PRACTICE

Answer 11

phosphate, polar head group, glycerol backbone, fatty acid chain -hydrophilic head -hydrophobic tail -do energy transfer/breakdown of ATP, intracellular signalling, membrane structure

Answer 12

-2 major groups: metabolic (mineralocorticoids and glucocorticoids made in adrenal glands), and sex hormones (progesterone, oestrogen and androgens made in gonads) -cholesterol is a precursor to make homrones

Answer 13

-can’t move freely in blood as they are not water soluble -instead they move attached to a transport protein -hormone enters cell and binds to intracellular receptors -the hormone/receptor complex bind specific hormone response elements in DNA -see certain genes will be turned on and the contain protein will be made to exert effects

Answer 14

=making gylcogen -excess glucose is stored as glycogen -this process is stimulated by insulin (lack of insulin or non-responsiveness-diabetes) -glycogen (polysaccharide) is the only form of carbs stored in the body -this occurs in the liver and skeletal muscle -requires hexokinase and ATP

Answer 15

glycogen in liver/muscle nis broken down to glucose -npt an exact reverse of glycogenesis process (need phosphorylases and phosphatases) -stimulated by glucagon and epinephrine glucagon: hormone from alpha pancreas cells to increase glucose levels

Answer 16

lipids stored in the adipose tissue or liver and can be oxidised to make ATP

Answer 17

excess calories can be stored by liver or adipose cells as lipids

Answer 18

Triglycerides → (lipase) → glycerol + fatty acids Stimulated by epinephrine, norepinephrine and cortisol

Answer 19

-stimulated by insulin -liver/adipose cells make lipids if we consume more calories than we need

Answer 20

-transcription (RNA polymerase) -mRNA exits nucleus because we don’t make proteins in nucleus, heads to cytoplasm -free floating amino acids in cytoplasm, tRNA brings amino acids to ribosome -ribosomes incorporate amino acids into growing protein chain in 3 base pairs at a time

Answer 21

-charge gradient (inside of cell is more -ve) -simple diffusion (from high to low concentration) -osmosis -hydrostatic pressure

Answer 22

macrosomia (baby gets fat) → possible birth interventions needed -pregnant person isn’t making enough insulin -placental hormones increase late in pregnancy which interferes with insulin

Answer 23

-high white blood cells → UTI, kidney infection -high ketones → diabetes, -blood in urine → trauma, tumour, UTI, kidney stones, menstruation -proteinuria → pregnancy induced hypertension, pre-eclampsia, kidney disease -high urobilinogen → hepatitis (liver disease), pernicious anaemia, -high bilirubin → liver disease -high glucose → diabetes, kidney disease -nitrite → UTI

Answer 24

-red blood cells (erythrocytes) -no nucleus, have haemoglobin and transport O2 and CO2 -white blood cells (leukocytes) -nucleated multiple types, immune cells, about double the size of RBCs -platelets (thrombocytes) -no nucleus, they’re more like cell fragments, allow clotting

Answer 25

=amount of red blood cells compared to rest of blood -centrifuge blood, about 40-54% -20% hematocrit (red blood cell conc.) = anaemia, iron deficiency, issues with bone marrow, vitamin deficiency -increased hematocrit (red blood cell conc. of 55%) = dehydration, extended delayed cord clamping in newborns, polycythemia (bone marrow makes too many rbc) high altitudes, smokers - hypoxia

Answer 26

Infecting virus Attachment Pentreation (entry) Uncoating (get rid of capsid/outer shell) Replication Assembly Release - either by budding off (often enveloped virus) or cell lysis

Answer 27

gram staining for bacteria only -+ = thicker peptidoglycan – = thinner peptidoglycan but has lipopolysaccahrids LLPS covering cell wall + =purple - = pink

Answer 28

polymer of sugars and amino acids that from mesh like layers outside the membrane and is called the cell wall

Answer 29

-adding rigidity to cell wall, may be receptors for some bacteriophages and may function in pathogenesis

Answer 30

virus that infects prokaryotic cells -corynebacterium diphtheriae: this bacteria needs to be infected by the beta phage to make diphtheria toxin, no page = no diphtheria disease occurs

Answer 31

A -infection in adults may be asymptomatic or manifest (most commonly) as vulvovaginal itching with a malodorous vaginal discharge. Neonatal infection with Is infrequently reported, but has been noted to cause urinary tract infections and vaginitis in infants as premature as 28 weeks’ gestation. In addition, infants with cultured from nasopharyngeal secretions have been reported to present with significant respiratory distress, but its causality in this clinical setting is unclear. = trichomonas vaginalisis - can be spread as and STD, associated with adverse birth outcomes so treat before birth

Answer 32

(non-enveloped viruses): -composed solely of a protein coat called a capsid that surrounds their genetic material, which can be either RNA or DNA. -lack an outer lipid membrane envelope. -rhinovirus (common cold virus), and norovirus (stomach flu virus)

Answer 33

have an additional outer lipid bilayer membrane envelope surrounding their protein capsid. -envelope is derived from the host cell membrane when the virus buds off from the host cell during the viral replication process. - influenza virus, HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus), and herpes simplex virus.

Answer 34

ionic compound that break apart into positive and negative ions in solution

Answer 35

manufacture of glucose from other substrates such as proteins and lipids

Answer 36

bone pain, muscle weakness from sun need for calcium homeostasis

Answer 37

for clotting hemorahig diesease of newborn

Answer 38

fatigue/cramps/confusion -needed for oxidative metabolism or will build lactic acid and have neuro issues

Answer 39

wound healing decrease cholesterol levels

Answer 40

for protein synthesis can lead to anemia feeling tired

Answer 41

* Is a globin protein consisting of 4 polypeptide (protein) chains * Has one heme pigment attached to each polypeptide chain * Each heme contains an iron ion (Fe+2) that can combine reversibly with one oxygen molecule

Answer 42

no organells sp cant repair, wear out from fitting in capillaries broke down by liver globin broken into amino acids for new protein heme split into iron for bone marrow and non iron converted to biliruben

Answer 43

heme split to iron and biliruben bilirubin to liver as conjugated goes to intestines colon converts bilirubin to urobilinogen as poop some urobilingon goes back to blood and converted to urobilin (yellow) to exit as peee

Answer 44

Method 1: Direct translation, ss RNA or one strand of dsRNA acts as mRNA and is translated in the cytoplasm by host machinery- ie rubella Method 2: Virus has its own viral RNA polymerase, genetic material comes in as ssRNA and use its own RNA polymerase to make copy that acts like mRNA and can be translated, ie influenza Method 3: Retrovirus like HIV- virus RNA enters cell cytoplasm, Reverse transcriptase from the virus makes a copy of the RNA into DNA, this is then integrated into the host DNA and the virus DNA gets transcribed/translated just like normal host proteins

Answer 45

lytic = virus assembles, breaks cell and cell dies persistant - virus keeps using cell to assemble and budds of but doesnt destoy cell