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Molecular basis > Part 1 > Flashcards

Part 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the basic unit of DNA?

A

Nucleotide

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2
Q

What are the four nitrogenous bases found in DNA?

A

Adenine, Thymine, Guanine, Cytosine

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3
Q

What is the function of DNA polymerase?

A

To synthesize new DNA strands during replication

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4
Q

What is the process by which DNA is copied?

A

Replication

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5
Q

What is the enzyme responsible for unwinding the DNA double helix during replication?

A

Helicase

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6
Q

What is the role of RNA polymerase?

A

To synthesize RNA from a DNA template

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7
Q

What is the genetic material in retroviruses?

A

RNA

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8
Q

What is the process by which RNA is synthesized from a DNA template?

A

Transcription

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9
Q

What is the central dogma of molecular biology?

A

DNA -> RNA -> Protein

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10
Q

What is the function of tRNA in protein synthesis?

A

To bring amino acids to the ribosome

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11
Q

What is a codon?

A

A three-nucleotide sequence in mRNA that codes for an amino acid

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12
Q

What is the start codon in protein synthesis?

A

AUG (methionine)

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13
Q

What is the role of ribosomes in protein synthesis?

A

To facilitate the assembly of amino acids into proteins

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14
Q

What is a mutation?

A

A change in the DNA sequence

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15
Q

What is the difference between a silent mutation and a missense mutation?

A

Silent mutation does not change the amino acid sequence, while missense mutation results in a different amino acid

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16
Q

What is a frameshift mutation?

A

A mutation that shifts the reading frame of the genetic code

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17
Q

What is the function of DNA ligase in DNA replication?

A

To join Okazaki fragments on the lagging strand

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18
Q

What is the role of the promoter region in transcription?

A

To signal the start of transcription

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19
Q

What is an intron?

A

A non-coding region of a gene that is removed during RNA splicing

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20
Q

What is an exon?

A

A coding region of a gene that is expressed in the final mRNA

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21
Q

What is a gene mutation?

A

A change in the DNA sequence of a gene

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22
Q

What is the role of DNA helicase in DNA replication?

A

To unwind the DNA double helix

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23
Q

What is the role of DNA ligase in DNA repair?

A

To seal nicks in the DNA backbone

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24
Q

What is the role of RNA splicing in gene expression?

A

To remove introns and join exons in pre-mRNA

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25
What is alternative splicing?
The process by which different exons are joined together to produce multiple mRNA transcripts from a single gene
26
What is the role of the Shine-Dalgarno sequence in prokaryotic translation?
To facilitate binding of the ribosome to the mRNA
27
What is a nonsense mutation?
A mutation that introduces a premature stop codon in the mRNA
28
What is the role of the stop codon in protein synthesis?
To signal the termination of translation
29
What is the role of the anticodon in tRNA?
To base-pair with the codon on the mRNA
30
What is the role of DNA topoisomerase in DNA replication?
To relieve supercoiling ahead of the replication fork
31
What is the function of DNA primase in DNA replication?
To synthesize RNA primers for DNA polymerase to initiate replication
32
What is the role of the poly-A tail in eukaryotic mRNA?
To protect the mRNA from degradation and facilitate translation
33
What is the role of the 5' cap in eukaryotic mRNA?
To facilitate binding of the ribosome to the mRNA and protect the mRNA from degradation
34
What is the function of DNA gyrase in DNA replication?
To introduce negative supercoils into the DNA ahead of the replication fork
35
What is the basic unit of DNA?
Nucleotide
36
What are the four nitrogenous bases found in DNA?
Adenine, Thymine, Guanine, Cytosine
37
What is the function of DNA polymerase?
To synthesize new DNA strands during replication
38
What is the process by which DNA is copied?
Replication
39
What is the enzyme responsible for unwinding the DNA double helix during replication?
Helicase
40
What is the role of RNA polymerase?
To synthesize RNA from a DNA template
41
What is the genetic material in retroviruses?
RNA
42
What is the process by which RNA is synthesized from a DNA template?
Transcription
43
What is the central dogma of molecular biology?
DNA -> RNA -> Protein
44
What is the function of tRNA in protein synthesis?
To bring amino acids to the ribosome
45
What is a codon?
A three-nucleotide sequence in mRNA that codes for an amino acid
46
What is the start codon in protein synthesis?
AUG (methionine)
47
What is the role of ribosomes in protein synthesis?
To facilitate the assembly of amino acids into proteins
48
What is a mutation?
A change in the DNA sequence
49
What is the difference between a silent mutation and a missense mutation?
Silent mutation does not change the amino acid sequence, while missense mutation results in a different amino acid
50
What is a frameshift mutation?
A mutation that shifts the reading frame of the genetic code
51
What is the function of DNA ligase in DNA replication?
To join Okazaki fragments on the lagging strand
52
What is the role of the promoter region in transcription?
To signal the start of transcription
53
What is an intron?
A non-coding region of a gene that is removed during RNA splicing
54
What is an exon?
A coding region of a gene that is expressed in the final mRNA
55
What is a gene mutation?
A change in the DNA sequence of a gene
56
What is the role of DNA helicase in DNA replication?
To unwind the DNA double helix
57
What is the role of DNA ligase in DNA repair?
To seal nicks in the DNA backbone
58
What is the role of RNA splicing in gene expression?
To remove introns and join exons in pre-mRNA
59
What is alternative splicing?
The process by which different exons are joined together to produce multiple mRNA transcripts from a single gene
60
What is the role of the Shine-Dalgarno sequence in prokaryotic translation?
To facilitate binding of the ribosome to the mRNA
61
What is a nonsense mutation?
A mutation that introduces a premature stop codon in the mRNA
62
What is the role of the stop codon in protein synthesis?
To signal the termination of translation
63
What is the role of the anticodon in tRNA?
To base-pair with the codon on the mRNA
64
What is the role of DNA topoisomerase in DNA replication?
To relieve supercoiling ahead of the replication fork
65
What is the function of DNA primase in DNA replication?
To synthesize RNA primers for DNA polymerase to initiate replication
66
What is the role of the poly-A tail in eukaryotic mRNA?
To protect the mRNA from degradation and facilitate translation
67
What is the role of the 5' cap in eukaryotic mRNA?
To facilitate binding of the ribosome to the mRNA and protect the mRNA from degradation
68
What is the function of DNA gyrase in DNA replication?
To introduce negative supercoils into the DNA ahead of the replication fork

Molecular basis (5 decks)

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