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Part 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What is Developmental Psychology?

A

Field of study that deals with behavior, thoughts, and emotions of individuals as they go through
various parts of the lifespan
It includes child development, adolescent development but our primary focus will be on Child
development roughly from birth to 18 years of age.

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2
Q

Empirical research

A

Scientific studies of observable events that are measured and evaluated
objectively

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3
Q

Law of Association

A

If a person experiences two or more environmental events (stimuli or
sensations) at the same time or one right after the other (contiguously)
these 2 or more events will become associated (bound together) in the
person’s mind

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4
Q

Sleeper Effect

A

These sleeper effects are various issues and problems that may show up later in development.

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5
Q

Nativism

A

It says that knowledge and rules are native to the human mind, inborn and
do not have to be acquired through experience
 People must already have built into their mind certain concepts such as
space and time to even begin to understand what a shape is for instance

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6
Q

Differences between experiments, correlational studies and descriptive studies

A

Experiments aims to study cause and effect correlational compares two subjects to find cause and effect and descriptive goes in dept of why a behavior is happening.

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7
Q

experiments

A

An experiment is the most direct and conclusive approach to testing a
hypothesis (about a cause-and-effect relationship between 2 variables)

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8
Q

correlational studies

A

Researcher does not manipulate any variable but observes or measures
two or more variables to find relationships between them

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9
Q

descriptive studies

A

Aim is to describe behavior of an individual or group without systematically
investigating relationships between specific variables

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10
Q

Why is it important for Society to understand Child Development?

A

Protect and advance the well being of children
Research findings lead to helpful advice in our interaction with children

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11
Q

Levels of analysis

A

Physiological Level, Developmental Level, Cultural level, Cognitive level, Social Level, Evolutionary level, Learning level, Neural level, Genetic level

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12
Q

The Cycle of Science

A

Facts lead to theories which lead to hypotheses which are tested by
research studies or experiments

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13
Q

Difference between a Between Groups experiment and a Within subject experiments

A

Between-Groups: Each participant experiences only one condition.
Within-Subjects: Each participant experiences all conditions.

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14
Q

What is Learning?

A

 Any process through which experience at one time can alter an individuals
behavior at a future time.
 Any subsequent behavior that was not part of the individuals immediate
response to stimuli during the learning experience

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15
Q

What is Classical Conditioning?

A

It is a learning process that has to do with the formation of new reflexes

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16
Q

Biology as it relates to developmental psychology

A

create holistic models, illustrating how nature and nurture work together in shaping human behavior and development

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17
Q

Maturation

A

It is a genetic or biologically determined process of growth that unfolds over a period of time.

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18
Q

Structure

A

A part of the person that develops
Muscle, nervous tissue, or mental knowledge

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19
Q

What does the study of cognitive development involve?

A

It involves the regular age related changes in children’s cognition over time. This is also called developmental function.
The study of cognitive development also involves the individual differences each child experiences in such cognition

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20
Q

What might be some risks to healthy child development?

A

Serious Illness
Living with a psychotic parent
Family Income
Substance Abuse
Abuse
Child’s experience at school

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21
Q

What are some questions we have to deal with as a society in terms of making proper social policy for children?

A

When should a child be tried as an adult if he or she commits a crime?
What is the appropriate age to start sex education?
Are preschool programs for disadvantaged children effective?
Is joint custody best for children of divorced parents?
Should birth parents always have access to the adopted child?

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22
Q

Can facing adversity in childhood also have positive influences on development? How so?

A

For some children they may be better able to adapt to certain challenges as an adult
They may have the complete opposite behavior that a parent may have displayed (such as substance abuse issues). They may never touch the addictive substance as a result.

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23
Q

What is a Gene?

A

A gene is the basic physical and functional unit of heredity. Genes are
made up of DNA. Some genes act as instructions to make molecules called
proteins. However, many genes do not code for proteins

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24
Q

What is a genotype?

A

It is a set of genes that an individual inherits

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25
What is a Phenotype?
Refers to the observable properties of the body and behavioral traits
26
Laboratory study
Research study where subjects are bought to a specially designated area that has been setup to facilitate the researchers collection of data or control over environmental conditions
27
Field study
Any research study done in a setting other then in a laboratory
28
Data collection methods
self-report method, Observational methods, naturalistic observation, and Tests
29
self report methods
People are asked to rate or describe their own behavior or mental state in some way
30
Observational methods
Observe and recording the behavior of interest (instead of someone’s self report
31
naturalistic observation
Researcher avoids interfering with the subjects behavior
32
Tests
Researcher presents stimuli or problems to which the subject responds
33
Why is gene important
1.Genes provide the codes for building proteins and serve as the biological units of heredity  They are replicated and passed along from parents to offspring  They cause the offspring’s resemblance to parents  Individuals vary because of the different and various genes inherited  Genes can also affect behavioral traits
34
selective breeding
The mating of individuals that lie toward the desired extreme on the measure in question
35
mutations
Mutations are errors that occasionally and unpredictably occur during DNA replication causing the replica to be not quite identical to the original
36
Social Psychologists
Explain people's beliefs and social behaviors in terms of past experiences
37
Clinical Psychologists
They explain people’s emotional problems in terms of their past experiences
38
Cognitive Psychologists
try to understand the basic processes of perception, memory, and thought that are involved in people’s ability to learn.
39
Reflex
Simple, relatively automatic stimulus response mediated by the nervous system.
40
Habituation
Simple effect of learning on the reflexes. It is a decline in the magnitude of the reflexive response when the stimulus is repeated several times in succession.
41
Extinction
Extinguishing the conditioned response
42
Spontaneous Recovery
Bringing back the conditioned response. After you perform extinction you can bring back the conditioned response
43
Operant conditioning
Learning process by which the effect or consequence effects the future rate of production of that response
44
Reinforcer
A stimulus change that occurs after a response that increases the subsequent frequency of that response.
45
Positive Reinforcement
Arrival of some stimulus following a response makes the response more likely to recur.
46
Negative Reinforcement
Removal of some stimulus following a response makes the response more likely to recur
47
Positive Punishment
Arrival of stimulus decreases the likelihood that the response will occur again
48
Negative Punishment
Removal of a stimulus decreases the likelihood that the response will occur again.
49
Observational Learning
Learning by watching others
50
Neural level
(brain as the cause)  Example: a traumatic brain injury as the reason why someone loses their memory
51
Evolutionary level
(natural selection as the cause)  Example: survival of the fittest as a reason for human behaviors such as protecting ones own child in a dangerous situation
51
Genetic level
(genes as the cause)  Example: a genetic difference that causes a change in behavior that is different than the norm
52
Learning level
(individual’s prior experiences with the environment as the cause)  Example: having an experience in our environment like going to school to learn how to read or how to behave in society
53
Cognitive level
(the individuals knowledge and beliefs as a cause)  Example: having a phobia or belief that a dog is very dangerous will cause you to avoid dogs when you see them
54
Social Level
(the Influence of other people as a cause)  Example: A friend influencing you to arrive to class late
55
Cultural level
(the culture in which the person develops as the cause)  Example: the way you perceive the world as influenced by your culture
56
Developmental Level
(age related changes as a cause)  Example: menopause and its effect on mental health
57
Physiological Level
(chemical functions)  Example: Chemical imbalances in the brain and its role in mental and emotional disorders
58
Fact
also referred to as an observation  An objective statement based on direct observation, that reasonable observers agree is true  Could be particular observable patterns of behaviors
59
Opinion
Holds an element of belief or viewpoint which hasn't been validated or proven yet
60
Theory
An idea of conceptual model that is designed to explain existing facts and make predictions about new facts that may be discovered
61
Hypothesis
An predictions about new facts that is made from a theory  A specific prediction about what will be observed in a research study. What will happen?
62
Independent Variable
The variable that is hypothesized to cause some effect on another variable
63
Variable
is anything that can vary
64
Dependent Variable
The variable that is hypothesized to be affected  In psychology the dependent variable is equal to measures of behavior
65
Independent and dependent relationship
Any change observed in the dependent variable is caused by the change in the independent variable and not by some other factor that happened to vary
66
Subjects
People or animals studied
67
Within subject experiment
The different conditions of the independent variable are applied to each subject
68
Between groups experiment
the different conditions are applied across the different groups of subjects
69
Difficult with correlational studies
It is not an experiment making it hard to determine cause and effect  Since it was not controlled other reasons may have effected the outcome
70
Materialism
The concept that all human behavior could be understood by physical processes
71
all function
Motor area, Frontal lobe, sensory area, Broca's area, temporal lobe, Braim stem, Parietal lobe, occipital lobe, Wernicke's area, cerebellum
72
Empiricism
Human knowledge and thought derive ultimately from sensory experience (vision, hearing, touch, and so forth)
73
evolutionary psychology
into behavior and that living things have acquired tendencies to behave in ways that promote their survival and reproduction
74
case studies
Observable in nature Not a test or an experiment Documented cases of individuals
75
Neurons
A specialized nerve cell that transmits information throughout the nervous system Known as the building block of the brain
76
4 main parts of the Neuron
Dendrites Cell Body Axon Synapse/ Presynaptic terminals
77
Neurotransmitter
A chemical message that acts on the membrane of the dendrite of the receiving neuron
78
Cerebral Cortex
It is divided into 4 sections. It is a thin gray moist material densely packed with cell bodies of neurons. This is where human thought, sensation, language processes, and other cognitive functions take place.
79
The four sections of the cerebral cortex
A) Frontal Lobe B) Parietal Lobe C) Occipital Lobe D) Temporal Lobe
80
Frontal Lobe
is responsible for impulse control, judgment, problem solving, controlling and executing behavior and complex organization
81
Temporal Lobe
Processes auditory signals such as hearing, high level auditory processing such as speech, and face recognition
82
Parietal Lobes
Integrates sensory information from various senses, is responsible for manipulation of objects and visual-spatial processing
83
Occipital Lobe
involved in Visual processing, receives information originating from the retina. Processes information and passes it to relevant areas
84
Cognition
Is the process or faculties by which knowledge is acquired and manipulated Cognition
85
automatic processes
Something we do without giving it much thought such as reading and driving for most It involves mental activity of all types
86
Function
function is the action related to a structure Movement of a muscle, firing of a nerve, or activation of a mental representation
87
Definition of level of analysis
Process that study personality

Psyc 2210 (3 decks)

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