Part 1

Question 1

.What is the most osmoreactive electrolyte in the blood?


Answer 1

Sodium

Question 2

3.What is the predominant protein found in the human blood?


Answer 2

Albumin

Question 3

4.Where are most of the proteins in the human body produced?


Answer 3

Liver (headquarter of protein metabolism)

Question 4

5.Antibodies found in the human blood are only produced by the __________

Answer 4

Plasma cells

Question 5

6.What are plasma cells?

Answer 5

They are transformed B lymphocytes

Question 6

7.What are B Lymphocytes?

Answer 6

A type of lymphocyte

Question 7

8.What is a Lymphocyte?

Answer 7

It is the second most abundant white blood cell in the human body

Question 8

9.Lymphocyte is the most advanced & sophisticated white blood cell.

And is also?

Answer 8

The overall manager of the immune system

Question 9

10. What are the 3 main types of Lymphocytes?


Answer 9

B lymphocytes

T lymphocytes

Natural killer cells (NK cells)

Question 10

What do B lymphocytes do when stimulated by antigen

Answer 10

After exposure to an antigen transform into “Plasma cells” that secrete antibodies


Question 11

T lymphocytes serve as?

Answer 11

Serve as “Antigen presenting cells.

Question 12

Main categories of T lymphocytes

Answer 12

CD4

CD8

Question 13

CD4 is?

Answer 13

Helper T cell

Question 14

CD8 is?

Answer 14

Killer T cell

Question 15

11.What system of proteins exist in the blood that act as an “Adjuvant” (Augment - Aid - help) of the Immune system?


Answer 15

Complement proteins

Question 16

12.What are the 3 main actions of the Complement proteins?


Answer 16

Opsonization

Membrane attack complex

Inflammatory response

Question 17

Opsonization?

Answer 17

attach to the outside of the pathogen to mark for destruction from white blood cells

Question 18

(What other materials can exhibit “Opsonization”?

Answer 18

Antibodies

Question 19

Membrane attack complex?

Answer 19

A group of complement proteins attach to the surface membrane of the pathogen and creates a hole. Water moves inside and bursts the pathogen

Question 20

In case of deficiencies of Complement proteins?

Answer 20

the individual suffers recurrent infections and may develop a carrier state.


Question 21

13.What does BUN stand for in blood report?


Answer 21

Blood urea nitrogen

Question 22

14.When proteins are broken down in the Intestines & Liver what toxic byproduct is produced?

Answer 22

Ammonia - NH3

Question 23

15.Where is Ammonia detoxified and converted into Urea?


Answer 23

Liver

Question 24

16.Where is urea primarily excreted?


Answer 24

Urine that is produced by the kidney

Question 25

17.In Liver Failure what will be the levels of Ammonia & Urea?


Answer 25

Ammonia levels will be high, and urea levels will be low to zero

Question 26

18.This happens in what common condition?
(High ammonia, low urea)

Answer 26

Hepatic Encephalopathy


Question 27

19.Major storage form of glucose in the human body is?

Answer 27

Glycogen

Question 28

20.Predominant intracellular electrolyte is

Answer 28

Potassium

Question 29

21.Predominant extracellular electrolyte is

Answer 29

Sodium

Question 30

22.Chloride plays a pivotal role in

Answer 30

the Chloride shift & reverse chloride shift processes (that take place in the Red blood cell)


Question 31

23.What is the role of Calcium:
A B C

Answer 31

a. The only electrolyte that is a “Clotting/Coagulation factor”
b. Is required for muscular contraction
c. Neuronal transmission is a calcium dependent process


Question 32

25.Bone marrow that is “Hematopoietic” is called

Answer 32

Red bone marrow

Question 33

Where is Red Bone marrow found in the skeleton of Adults?


Answer 33

Axial skeleton (+ pelvic region) & bones of the hands & feet


Question 34

What component in the blood is primarily responsible for the “Colloid Osmotic pressure”?


Answer 34

Proteins

Question 35

What type of immunity do B lymphocytes fit into

Answer 35

(Humoral immunity).

Question 36

What type of immunity are T lymphocytes?

Answer 36

(Cell mediated immunity).

Question 37

Neutrophil Nucleus is in pieces called

Answer 37

Lobes

Question 38

Normal Neutrophil has how many lobes?

Answer 38

2-5 lobes

Question 39

If the number of lobes is more than 5 than the Neutrophil is called

Answer 39

Hypersegmented

Question 40

Hypersegmented Neutrophil is a sign of Vitamin

Answer 40

B12 or folic acid deficiency

Question 41

Neutrophils of females have a projection from one of their lobes called the

Answer 41

Barr body

Question 42

What does the Barr body represent

Answer 42

It represents the extra “X chromosome” witnessed in the genome of females only