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Cytology > Part 1 > Flashcards

Part 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

Describe the path of the light microscope from the light source to your eye

A

Light source, condenser lens, specimen, objective lens, mirror, projector lens

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2
Q

What does a specimen look like when using a Brightfield technique?

A

Little contrast in poorly pigmented cells. Passes light directly through specimen.

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3
Q

What does a specimen look like when using a Fluorescence technique?

A

Shows the locations of specific molecules in the cell by tagging the molecules with fluorescent dyes or antibodies.

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4
Q

How does a Confocal microscope work?

A

Uses lasers and optics for sectioning fluorescently-stained specimens. Only a single plane of focus is illuminated; out-of-focus fluorescence above and below the plane is subtracted by a computer.

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5
Q

How does electron microscopy differ from light microscopy?

A

It uses smaller wavelengths to produce a more defined image of smaller objects. It does not use light waves so all images will be in black and white.

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6
Q

Form follows ____

A

Function

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7
Q

What is cytology?

A

The study of the microscopic appearance and function of cells, especially for the diagnosis of abnormalities and malignancies.

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8
Q

Name the organelles

A

Components of a typical animal cell:

  1. Nucleolus
  2. Nucleus
  3. Ribosome (little dots)
  4. Vesicle
  5. Rough endoplasmic reticulum
  6. Golgi apparatus (or “Golgi body”)
  7. Cytoskeleton
  8. Smooth endoplasmic reticulum
  9. Mitochondrion
  10. Vacuole
  11. Cytosol (fluid that contains organelles)
  12. Lysosome
  13. Centrosome
  14. Cell membrane
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9
Q

Name the two double membrane bound organelles

A

Nucleus and mitochondria

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10
Q

Name the single membrane bound organelles

A

ER, golgi, lysosomes, peroxisomes, phagosomes

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11
Q

Name the organelles not bound by membrane

A

Nucleolus, ribosomes, cytoskeleton

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12
Q

The polarity of the plasma (cell) membrane can be referred to as _____

A

Amphipathic

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13
Q

Describe the fluid mosaic model

A

A model that describes the structure of cell membranes. In this model, a flexible layer made of lipid molecules is interspersed with large protein molecules that act as channels through which other molecules enter and leave the cell.

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14
Q

What surrounds the cell membrane?

A

The glycocalyx

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15
Q

What creates anchorage for the fluid cell wall?

A

Junctions and the basement membrane

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16
Q

What are the three types of junctions?

A

Tight Junctions

Desmosomes

Gap Junctions

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17
Q

What is a tight junction?

A

The membranes of neighboring cells are very tightly linked to each other

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18
Q

What does a desmosome do?

A

Function like rivets, fastening cells

together into strong sheets. Intermediate

filaments made of sturdy keratin proteins

anchor desmosomes in the cytoplasm.

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19
Q

What does a gap junction do?

A

Provide cytoplasmic channels between adjacent cells that are necessary in many types of tissues.

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20
Q

What do the dark and light areas on a nucleus (viewed through an electron microscope) represent?

A

Euchromatin (light) - diffuse/open/active DNA

Heterochromatin (dark) - dense/coiled/less active DNA

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21
Q

What does the nucleus contain?

A

DNA, RNA, proteins

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22
Q

What is the main function of the nucleolus?

23
Q

What is the function of ribosomes?

Study These Flashcards
A

Making proteins by linking amino acids together in an order specified by the mRNA.

24
Q

The smooth ER does what 3 things?

Study These Flashcards
A

Highly responsible for detoxification
Storage of ions (i.e. Ca in muscle)
Involved in making new membranes

25
The primary responsibility of the rough ER is \_\_\_\_ The rough ER is located \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
Protein assembly Near the nucleus and golgi apparatus
26
The golgi apparatus is primarily responsible for\_\_\_
Modification and packaging of protiens
27
Describe the steps in protein synthesis
Transcription: DNA to RNA Translation: RNA to protein (ribosome) | (nucleus)
28
What is the main function of the mitochondria? What are two processes that carry out this function?
Production of ATP Citric Acid Cycle and Electron Transport Chain
29
What are Endosomal compartments?
endosomes, lysosomes, peroxisomes, recycling compartments
30
What does the cytoskeleton determine?
Cell shape Locomotion Provides means of intracellular trafficking
31
What are the 3 components of the cytoskeleton?
Microfilaments, microtubules and Intermediate fillaments
32
How are microfilaments (actin/myosin) arranged and what is their purpose:
Parallel arrangement Motility/trafficking/anchorage (tight/loose junctions)
33
What is the major component of the mitotic spindle, cilia and flagella?
Microtubules
34
What are the functions of microtubules?
Intracellular structure, and intracellular transport, as well as ciliary and flagellar motility
35
What is the function of intermediate filaments?
Architectural support, they do not move
36
What is the difference between cytoplasm and cytosol?
Cytoplasm includes everything inside the cell with exception of the nucleus in eukaryotic cells. Cytosal is the fluid outside of nucleus but within the cell membrane.
37
Name 4 important cell functions
1. Protein synthesis (DNA's role) 2. Movement of substances 3. Cell division 4. Apoptosis and Necrosis
38
The process of duplicating chromosomes prior to cell division is called \_\_\_\_
DNA replication
39
What are the 4 enzymes involved in DNA replication and what are their functions?
**Helicase**: breaks DNA daughter strands and unwinds the helix **Primase**: sets RNA primer and recognizes base pairs (A-T, G-C) **DNA polymerase**: recognizes primer and builds nucleotides **DNA ligase**: joins neighboring strands of DNA
40
Describe the movement of hydrophobic molecules across the cell membrane
Are lipid soluble and can pass through the membrane rapidly
41
Describe the movement of polar molecules across the cell membrane
Do not cross the membrane rapidly Require transport proteins
42
Describe simple diffusion and name 3 things that affect this process
The movement from high concentration to low concentration. 1. Temperature 2. Distance 3. Size of molecule
43
How is facilitated diffusion different from simple diffusion?
Can be limited by carrier specificity May become saturated May be regulated by hormones or other signals
44
True or False: Active Transport is against the concentration gradient and requries energy
True
45
Endocytosis and Exocytosis are considered to be which type of transport?
Vesicular or Bulk transport
46
What are the three types of endocytosis and how do they work?
Phagocytosis: "eating" Pinocytosis: "drinking" Recptor Mediated: Cell receptors on surface send signal to cell engulf
47
What are the steps of Mitosis?
Prophase Metaphase Anaphase Telophase
48
Describe Prophase
Chromatin condences to chromosomes Spindles form at opposite poles Nuclear membrane breaks down
49
Describe Metaphase
Chromosomes align on metaphase plate
50
Describe Anaphase
Sister chromatids seperate, attach at kinetochore and are pulled toward opposite poles of cell
51
Describe Telophase
(Identical to Prophase in reverse) Chromosomes spread out, membranes begin to reform, spindle degenerates
52
What is the difference between Apoptosis and Cell Necrosis?
Apoptosis: Programmed cell death, desirable event: leads to refinement of cells Necrosis: Cell dies from disease or pathologic cause
53

Cytology (1 decks)

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