PART 1 - Enzyme Kinetics

Question 1

What are enzymes?

Answer 1

• Enzymes are globular proteins
• Enzymes have an active site
• The function of the enzyme depends on its amino acid sequence
• Enzymes act as biological catalysts

Question 2

Functions of a Catalyst

Answer 2

• a substance that speeds up a reaction to enhance the reaction rate
• It isn’t consumed or permanently changed during the reaction
• It lowers or diminishes the activation energy of the associated molecules.

Question 3

These macromolecules are made up of amino acid residues, and they can be structured in various shapes.

Answer 3

Proteins

Question 4

This is a term used to describe proteins that are roughly spherical in shape.

Answer 4

“Globular proteins”

Question 5

This is a classic example of a globular protein.

Answer 5

Hemoglobin (a protein in our blood responsible for oxygen transport)

Question 6

This is like a _______________ on the enzyme surface formed by specific amino acids.

Answer 6

“pocket” or “cleft”

Question 7

The ______ indicates the course of the reaction, representing the development of the reaction from starting reactants to ultimate products.

Answer 7

X-axis

Question 8

The ______ shows free energy, which
represents the potential energy of the molecules participating in the reaction.

Answer 8

y-axis

Question 8

The activation energy is represented by the _________________.

Answer 8

mountain’s height.

Question 9

This is the most common naming convention for enzymes

Answer 9

Suffix “-ase”

Question 10

An enzyme that breaks down urea. The name suggests its action on urea.

Answer 10

Urease

Question 11

An enzyme involved in the polymerization of nucleotides to form DNA. The name indicates its role in DNA synthesis.

Answer 11

DNA polymerase

Question 12

Names deriving from the co-factors or particular elements that are utilized throughout the procedure.

Answer 12

By co-factors or specific elements they use

Question 13

A protease that uses zinc as a co-factor.

Answer 13

Zinc protease

Question 13

Proteins containing iron-sulfur clusters.

Answer 13

Iron-sulfur proteins

Question 14

This is a less common naming convention, often seen in older names of some digestive enzymes.

Answer 14

Suffix “-in”

Question 15

These are digestive enzymes that break down proteins in the digestive tract. Their names end with “-in”.

Answer 15

Trypsin, Chymotrypsin, Pepsin

Question 16

Enzymes can also be named based on the chemical reaction they catalyze.

Answer 16

Based on Type of Reaction

Question 17

Enzymes that catalyze oxidation reactions

Answer 17

Oxidase

Question 18

Enzymes that catalyze hydrolysis reactions, where a molecule is broken down into two parts through the addition of a water molecule.

Answer 18

Hydrolase

Question 19

Enzymes that catalyze the removal of hydrogen atoms.

Answer 19

Dehydrogenase

Question 20

Many enzyme names provide direct information about the substrate they act upon.

Answer 20

Based on Substrate

Question 21

Acts on pyruvate and introduces a carboxyl group.

Answer 21

Pyruvate carboxylase

Question 22

Acts on glucose and is involved in its oxidation.

Answer 22

Glucose oxidase

Question 23

Acts on succinate and removes hydrogen atoms.

Answer 23

Succinate dehydrogenase

Question 23

Enumerate the Six Major Classes Of Enzymes

Question 23

In the year 1961, the Enzyme Commission, IUB (__________________________) proposed ____________________

Answer 23

International Union of Biochemists six major classes.

Question 23

They function in the oxidation-reduction reactions

Question 24

They catalyze the transfer of the functional groups

Question 25

They bring about the hydrolysis of compounds

Question 26

They are specialized in the addition or removal of H20, NH3 , CO2 , etc.

Question 27

They are used in the isomerization reactions.

Question 28

They catalyze the synthetic reactions where two molecules are joined together.

Question 29

Enzymes are functional within the cells where they are synthesized

Answer 29

Intracellular

Question 30

Enzymes are active outside the cells, for example, digestive enzymes like trypsin, pepsin, etc.

Answer 30

Extracellular

Question 31

These are enzymes employed in diagnostic and analytical methods. Their specificity makes them ideal for detecting and measuring particular compounds.

Answer 31

Analytical Enzyme

Question 32

Enzymes used in large-scale processes to produce or modify products. They can improve process efficiency, quality, and sustainability

Answer 32

Industrial Enzymes

Question 33

Enzymes used therapeutically to treat diseases or as diagnostic tools.

Answer 33

Medical Enzymes

Question 33

Explain the Enzyme substrate complex

Question 34

One of the most defining features of enzymes is their _____________.

Answer 34

specificity

Question 34

Enzymes are designed to function in living organisms, which means they **operate efficiently** (have high activity) at ___________________________________.

Answer 34

ambient temperatures, near-neutral pH, and atmospheric pressure.

Question 35

The ___________________ of an enzyme represents the number of substrate molecules an enzyme molecule can convert to product per unit time.

Answer 35

turnover number

Question 36

Enzymes are proteins and therefore biodegradable ____________________.

Answer 36

biodegradable

Question 36

Enzymes are ______________________ in organisms. Their use, especially in food and pharmaceutical industries, is often viewed favorably by consumers compared to synthetic chemicals due to perceived health and environmental benefits. Therefore, they are considered as: _______________________

Answer 36

naturally occurring molecules natural products

Question 37

Enumerate the advantages of Enzymatic Catalysis

Question 38

Enumerate the disadvantages of Enzymatic Catalysis

Question 39

These metal ions can facilitate the enzyme in several ways, such as stabilizing negative charges, participating in oxidation and reduction reactions, or simply acting as an anchor that holds the substrate in place.

Answer 39

Metal ions

Question 40

Organic molecules that help enzymes catalyze reactions. They may be tightly or loosely bound to the enzyme. Examples include NAD^+ in oxidation-reduction reactions or Coenzyme A in acyl group transfers.

Answer 40

Coenzymes

Question 41

Enumerate some inorganic elements that serve as cofactors for enzymes