PART 4 - Kinetics of Substrate Utilization, Product Formation and Biomass Production in Cell Cultures

Question 1

He proposed a scheme, which grouped fermentations according to the manner in which the microbial product appeared in the broth.

Answer 1

Gaden

Question 2

Product formation is directly
related to carbohydrate
utilization

Answer 2

Fermentation Type 1
Example: Ethanol

Question 3

Product formation indirectly
related to carbohydrate utilization

Answer 3

Fermentation Type 2
Example: Citric Acid

Question 4

Product formation apparently not associated with carbohydrate utilization

Answer 4

Fermentation Type 3
Example: Penicillin

Question 5

Enumerate Gaden’s Classification Scheme for Fermentations

Answer 5

Fermentation Type 1
Fermentation Type 2
Fermentation Type 3

Question 6

Enumerate Deindoerfer’s Classification of Fermentation Patterns

Answer 6

Simple
Simultaneous
Consecutive
Stepwise

Question 7

Nutrients converted to products in a fixed stoichiometry without accumulation of intermediates

Answer 7

Simple

Question 8

Nutrients converted to products in variable stoichiometric proportion without accumulation of intermediates

Answer 8

Simultaneous

Question 9

Nutrients converted to products with accumulation of an intermediate

Answer 9

Consecutive

Question 10

Nutrient completely converted to intermediate before conversion to product, or selectively converted to product in preferential order.

Answer 10

Stepwise

Question 11

Products and their formation can be viewed from several aspects:

Answer 11

(a) as intracellular or extracellular products;
(b) according to the relationship
between the growth rate and the rate of product formation;
(c) according to the stoichiometry of their formation; and
(d) according to the rate of product formation and substrate consumption.

Question 12

What are the three simple forms of product formation rates?

Answer 12

• Growth-Associated
• Non-Growth-Associated
• Mixed-Growth Associated

Question 13

____________________ are formed by growing cells
which make them primary metabolites.

Answer 13

Growth – associated products

Question 14

Non – growth associated products are formed during the _________________ when the growth rate is zero due to the lack of at least one necessary substrate for growth.

Answer 14

stationary phase

Question 15

These are formed by cells which are not metabolically active, which make them secondary metabolites.

Answer 15

Non-Growth associated products

Question 16

The ________________________ is considered to correlate the rate of product formation (other than cell mass) with the cell growth rate.

Answer 16

Luedeking – Piret model

Question 17

It combines growth-associated and non-growth-associated product formation

Answer 17

Luedeking-Piret model

Question 18

The _________________ associated products include lactic acid fermentation, xanthan gum, and some secondary metabolites from cell culture.

Answer 18

mixed-growth

Question 19

_______________ models deal with the kinetics of the change in the individual components present in cells.

Answer 19

Structured

Question 20

An intrinsic concentration is the amount of a compound per __________________________.

Answer 20

unit cell mass or cell volume

Question 21

Extrinsic concentration, on the other hand, is the amount of a compound per _____________________ which cannot be used in kinetic expressions.

Answer 21

unit reactor volume

Question 22

Protein synthesis is important in the practice of manufacture of _________, ___________, and other _____________________.

Answer 22

enzyme
hormones
commercial polypeptides

Question 23

Protein synthesis occurs in two stages:

Answer 23

the transcription and translation

Question 24

________model is defined as the model that is more likely to give good results when applied to an environment different from where it was originally evaluated.

Answer 24

Robust

Question 25

______________ is the transfer of the genetic instructions from the DNA to the RNA and it happens in the nucleus.

Answer 25

Transcription

Question 26

Messenger RNA (mRNA) is produced in the ___________, and it brings genetic information from the ___________________ (usually attached to the endoplasmic reticulum) where translation occurs.

Answer 26

chromosome
chromosome to the ribosomes

Question 27

During _____________, the transfer RNA (tRNA) brings the specific amino acid from the cytoplasm to the ribosome. Then, the ribosomal RNA (rRNA) which constitutes nearly
65% of the ribosome, helps with the formation of bonds between the amino acids.

Answer 27

translation

Question 28

_____________ is an isomer of lactose converted through a
secondary activity of β-galactosidase.

Answer 28

Allolactose

Question 29

The amount of enzyme produced has a direct relationship with the ______________________.

Answer 29

promoter utilization
efficiency.

Question 30

Therefore, it is also proportional to the probability that the operator site O is not bound by ___________________.

Answer 30

repressor protein R

Question 31

The parameters in the model have precise physical interpretations and can often be measured in separate, in vitro experiments. Also, models at this level possess what has been called ___________________.

Answer 31

genetic structure

Question 31

There are two fundamental growth patterns that filamentous
microorganisms may exhibit, depending on the __________________________.

Answer 31

strain and growing conditions:

1. Homogenous
2. Pellet

Question 32

Fungi form ___________ composed of cells with distinct differentiated _______ cell.

Answer 32

long hyphae (their filaments)
apical

Question 32

Although the exact cause of ______________ is yet unknown, mixing mechanical forces are believed to have a significant influence in breaking down homogenous mycelium (mycelium is a network of fungal threads or hyphae) into smaller pieces, which in turn give rise to ______.

Answer 32

pellet growth
pellets

Question 32

What are the other critical factors of pellet growth?

Answer 32

• The nature or makeup of the medium (clear solutions or suspensions in which solid particles attach to the filament surface)
• the quantity of spores employed to inoculate the medium

Question 33

Branching is _______ even if the
filaments or hyphae grow ___________.

Answer 33

linear
exponentially