part 1 Navarro Flashcards
(59 cards)
Derived from the Greek word bios, means ___?
Life
Sin o nga tawo ang nag Defined ethics in terms of duty and moral laws, emphasizing the
categorical imperative, which means acting according to principles that could be universally
applied.
Emmanuel Kant (1724–1804)
sin o nga tawo:
In Nicomachean Ethics, he described ethics as the pursuit of the
highest good (eudaimonia or flourishing) through virtuous actions.
Aristotle (384–322 BCE)
Defined nursing research as “a systematic inquiry designed to develop
trustworthy evidence about issues of importance to the nursing profession, including nursing
practice, education, administration, and informatics.” (Nursing Research: Generating and
Assessing Evidence for Nursing Practice).
Polit & Beck (2021)
They Stated that “nursing research is a systematic process of collecting and
analyzing data to understand and improve health and nursing care.” (Understanding Nursing
Research: Building an Evidence-Based Practice).
Burns & Grove (2010)
Defines health research as “the process for
systematically collecting and analyzing data to understand health problems and improve health
outcomes through better policies, systems, and services.”
World Health Organization (WHO, 2013)
She systematically collected and analyzed data on soldier mortality
and hospital sanitation, pioneering the use of evidence-based nursing practices.
Florence Nightingale
refers to the principles and standards that guide the responsible conduct of
scientific studies. It ensures that research involving humans, animals, and sensitive data is
conducted with integrity, honesty, and respect for participants’ rights and welfare.
Ethics in research
defines health as the “optimal state of physical, mental and social well-being and the ability to
function at the individual level.
National Ethical Guidelines for RESEARCH INVOLVING HUMAN PARTICIPANTS
2022
(NEGRIHP 2022).
were a series of military tribunals held after World War II to prosecute prominent leaders of
Nazi Germany for war crimes, crimes against humanity, and crimes against peace. These trials
were significant in the development of modern international law, particularly in the areas of
human rights and ethical standards in scientific research.
Nuremberg Code
is a set of ethical principles developed by the World Medical Association (WMA) to guide physicians
and researchers in conducting medical research involving human subjects.
It builds upon the Nuremberg Code (1947) and expands ethical guidelines for human research,
emphasizing patient rights, informed consent, and scientific integrity.
Helsinki Declaration
Helsinki Declaration First adopted in _____, _______ by the World Medical Association (WMA).
1964, Helsinki, Finland
is a foundational ethical guideline for research involving human subjects,
emphasizing respect for persons, beneficence, and justice. It was developed in response to historical
ethical violations in research, such
as the Tuskegee Syphilis Study.
Belmont Report 1979
BELMONT REPORT
IDENTIFIED 3 BASIC ETHICAL PRINCIPLE
, WHAT R THESE?
Respect for persons
BENEFICENCE
JUSTICE
is a systematic approach to clinical decision-making that integrates:
Evidence-Based Practice (EBP)
refers to data, research findings, and clinical knowledge that are
derived from scientifically validated studies, systematic reviews, and expert analyses.
Evidence-Based information
Definition: A statistical technique that combines data from multiple studies to determine overall
effectiveness.
Example in Nursing: Analyzing multiple studies on wound care techniques to determine the most
effective treatment for pressure ulcers.
Meta Analysis
Definition: A detailed, structured review that summarizes and critically evaluates all available
research on a topic.
Example in Nursing: Reviewing studies on fall prevention strategies in elderly patients
Systematic Review
Definition: A high-quality experimental study where participants are randomly assigned to either a
treatment group or a control group to assess effectiveness.
Example in Nursing: Studying the impact of music therapy vs. standard care on anxiety in postsurgery patients.
Randomized controlled trial
Definition: A longitudinal observational study where a group (cohort) is followed over time to assess
the relationship between an exposure and an outcome.
Example in Nursing: Following NICU preterm infants for 5 years to study long-term respiratory effects
Cohort Study
Definition: A detailed report on a single patient or small group with a rare or unique condition.
Example in Nursing: A case report on a rare reaction to a new medication in an ICU patient.
Case Study/ Case report
- studies that do not control participant selection or interventions (e.g., a convenience sample, such
as patients on a given unit, maybe studied because it’s the only group reasonably available).
Uncontrolled study
- studies that observe people over a long time to determine risk or likelihood of developing diseases.
These studies include retrospective database searches or prospective studies that follow a population
over time
Epidemiological study:
descriptive, word-based phenomena, such as symptoms, behaviors, culture and group dynamics.
Quantitative studies use statistical methods to establish numerical relationships that are correlational
or cause and effect.
Qualitative study/quantitative study:
