Part 1 test

Question 1

What is physical digestion?

Answer 1

Breaking food into smaller pieces without changing chemical structure (chewing, mixing, grinding)

Question 2

What is chemical digestion?

Answer 2

Breaking food into smaller molecules using enzymes (ex: starch → maltose).

Question 3

Where does physical digestion occur?

Answer 3

Mouth (chewing), stomach (churning), small intestine (bile emulsifying fat).

Question 4

Where does chemical digestion occur?

Answer 4

Mouth (salivary amylase), stomach (pepsin), small intestine (amylase, lipase, erepsin, etc.).

Question 5

Q: What are carbohydrates made of and broken down into?

Answer 5

Made of sugars (polymers) → broken into simple sugars (monosaccharides like glucose).

Question 6

Q: What are proteins made of and broken down into?

Answer 6

Made of amino acids (polypeptides) → broken into single amino acids.

Question 7

Q: What are lipids made of and broken down into?

Answer 7

Made of Lipids are made of mainly carbon (C), hydrogen (H), and oxygen (O) atoms.→ broken into glycerol and fatty acids by lipases

Question 8

Q: Where are carbohydrates found?

Answer 8

Bread, pasta, rice.

Question 9

Where are proteins found

Answer 9

Meat, fish, dairy.

Question 10

Q: Where are lipids found?

Answer 10

Butter, oils, nuts

Question 11

Q: What are enzymes?

Answer 11

Proteins that speed up chemical reactions

Question 12

Q: What enzyme starts protein digestion in the stomach?

Answer 12

Pepsin (activated from pepsinogen by HCl)

Question 13

Q: Why are some enzymes inactive at first?

Answer 13

To prevent damaging tissues (example: pepsinogen → pepsin only in acidic stomach).

Question 14

Q: What enzyme breaks fats into fatty acids and glycerol?

Answer 14

Pancreatic lipase.

Question 15

Q: What are the four phases of digestion?

Answer 15

Ingestion: takes food into the body
Digestion: breaking down food into smaller peices
Absorption: Nutrients enter blood/lymph
Egestion: Getting rid of undigested waste.

Question 16

food pathway from mouth to anus.

Answer 16

Mouth → pharynx → esophagus → stomach → small intestine (duodenum, jejunum, ileum) → large intestine (ascending, transverse, descending) → rectum → anus.

Question 17

Q: How are carbohydrates digested?

Answer 17

(mouth) → (small intestine) → (small intestine).

Question 18

Q: How are proteins digested?

Answer 18

Pepsin (stomach) → trypsin and erepsin (small intestine).

Question 19

Q: How are lipids digested?

Answer 19

Bile (physical) + pancreatic lipase (chemical).

Question 20

Q: What is the role of saliva in digestion?

Answer 20

Lubricates food, forms bolus, begins starch digestion with salivary amylase.

Question 21

Q: How does food move through the esophagus?

Answer 21

By peristalsis (muscle contractions).

Question 22

Q: How does the liver help in digestion?

Answer 22

Produces bile, detoxifies blood.

Question 23

Q: How does the gall bladder help?

Answer 23

Stores bile for release into the small intestine.

Question 24

Q: How does the pancreas help?

Answer 24

Releases digestive enzymes and bicarbonate ions

Question 25

Q: What causes ulcers?

Answer 25

Heliobacter pylori bacteria, stress, or diet.

Question 26

Q: What are the three parts of the small intestine (in order)?

Answer 26

Duodenum, jejunum, ileum.

Question 27

Q: What are the three parts of the large intestine?

Answer 27

Ascending colon, transverse colon, descending colon.

Question 28

Q: What is the role of villi and microvilli?

Answer 28

Increase surface area for absorption.

Question 29

Q: How are protein and carbohydrates absorbed?

Answer 29

Into blood capillaries.

Question 30

Q: How are lipids absorbed?

Answer 30

Into lacteals (lymph vessels).

Question 31

Q: What factors impact enzyme efficiency?

Answer 31

Temperature and pH.

Question 32

Q: Name a hormone that triggers bile release.

Answer 32

Cholecystokinin

Question 33

Q: Name a hormone that neutralizes stomach acid.

Answer 33

Secretin

Question 34

Q: Name a hormone that slows stomach emptying.

Answer 34

Enterogasterone

Question 35

Q: What is fibre and why is it important?

Answer 35

Plant material that cannot be digested; helps move waste and prevent constipation.

Question 36

X-ray

Answer 36

-small radiation to take pictures of the inside of the body, especially bones and teeth. - X-Rays are good for checking for structural damage, cancer, heart or lung damage -A down side though, is that the radiation can damage cells and DNA.

Question 37

fluoroscopy

Answer 37

Using X-rays combined with special liquids called contrast agents( that are put into the body to help see areas that are normally hard to see, like soft tissues.) ● It can be used to look at organs or to watch how blood moves through veins and arteries. ● Same risk as x-rays

Question 38

ultrasound

Answer 38

-Uses sound waves to create pictures of the inside of your body. ● Most commonly used to observe heart function and imaging a developing fetus during pregnancy. ● You can actually watch live function and movement with an ultrasound (other technologies give pictures only) ● There are limitations though that it only works in certain locations, and not everywhere.

Question 39

CT Scan

Answer 39

-Uses long exposure X-Rays to create higher detailed images, which can include softer tissues. - Normally take many different images that can be combined by a computer to create a more complete image. - Often used to check for cancer, skeletal damage, brain damage and damaged blood vessels.

Question 40

MRI

Answer 40

-A test doctors use to take detailed pictures of the inside of your body, like your brain, muscles, or organs. -It uses strong magnets and radio waves (not X-rays) to make the images. -It’s helpful for spotting things like: Brain injuries, Torn muscles or ligaments, umors or problems with organs -It’s safe and painless, but the machine can be loud, and you have to stay really still. Some people find the small space a bit uncomfortable, but it doesn’t hurt.

Question 41

positron emission tomography

Answer 41

-Test doctors use to see how the inside of your body is working -Find cancer or see if it’s spreading, Check how well the heart or brain is working, Look for damage after a heart attack or changes in the brain from things like Alzheimer’s