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AP Bio > Part 1: The Chemistry Of Life > Flashcards

Part 1: The Chemistry Of Life Flashcards

(69 cards)

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0
Q

Oxygen

A

O

One of the four elements that make up most of all organisms

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1
Q

Elements

A

Substances that cannot be broken down into simpler substances by chemical means

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2
Q

Carbon

A

C
One of the four elements that make up most of all organisms
Can form 4 bonds (4 valence electrons)

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3
Q

Hydrogen

A

H

One of the four elements that make up most of all organisms

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4
Q

Nitrogen

A

N

One of the four elements that make up most of all organisms

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5
Q

Trace elements

A

Elements that are required by organisms in very small quantities
Iron, iodine, copper

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6
Q

Atom

A

The smallest unit of an element that retains its characteristic properties

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7
Q

Protons

A

Positively charged subatomic particles

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8
Q

Neutrons

A

Neutrally charged subatomic particles

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9
Q

Electrons

A

Negatively charged subatomic particles

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10
Q

Nucleus

A

The center of an atom, that contains the protons and neutrons

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11
Q

Isotopes

A

Atoms with the same number of protons different numbers of neutrons

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12
Q

Compound

A

Two or more chemically combined elements

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13
Q

Chemical reaction

A

The making and breaking of chemical bonds, leading to changes on composition of matter

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14
Q

Chemical bond

A

Attraction between two atoms, resulting from shared outer-shell electrons or the presence of opposite charges on the atoms

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15
Q

Ionic bond

A

Chemical bond resulting from an exchange of electrons so that each valence electron shell is full and each element has a charge, one negative, the other positive

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16
Q

Covalent bond

A

Chemical bond that results from the sharing of electrons

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17
Q

Nonpolar covalent

A

Covalent bonds where the electrons are shared completely equally

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18
Q

Polar covalent

A

Covalent bond where there is an unequal sharing of electrons, because a more electronegative element pulls on the shared electrons, giving each region a partial charge

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19
Q

Polar

A

Molecules that are partially positive and partially negative

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20
Q

Hydrogen bonds

A

Weak chemical bonds that form when a hydrogen atom that is covalently bonded to one electronegative atom is also attracted to another electronegative atom

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21
Q

Cohesion

A

The bonding together of like molecules, usually by hydrogen bonds

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22
Q

Adhesion

A

The attraction between different kinds of molecules

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23
Q

Surface tension

A

A measure of how difficult it is to stretch or break the surface of a liquid

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24
Capillary action
The ability of water to travel up the roots, trunks/stems, and branches of plants through thin vessels
25
Heat capacity/specific heat
The amount of energy it takes to raise the temperature of a substance by 1 degree C
26
Acidic
Solution that is high in H+ molecule concentration | pH<7
27
Basic
Solution that is high in -OH molecule concentration | pH>7
28
Neutral
Solution that has equal concentrations of H+ and -OH | pH=7
29
Alkaline
Another word for basic
30
pH scale
Logarithmic scale that assigns numerical values to the acidity or alkalinity of a solution (1-14)
31
Organic compounds
Compounds that contain carbon
32
Inorganic compounds
Compounds that don't contain carbon | Exception:CO2
33
Carbohydrate
Organic compounds made of C, H, and O | Usually CnH2nOn
34
Monosaccharides
Carb made out of one kind of sugar molecule
35
Disaccharide
Carb made out of two kinds of sugar molecules
36
Glucose
One of the most common sugars, most abundant monosaccharide, produced by plants to store energy, broken down to release it
37
Fructose
One of the most common sugars, common sugar in fruit
38
Glycosidic linkage
Bond between monosaccharides | Results from dehydration synthesis
39
Dehydration synthesis/condensation
Chemical bonding process in which an -H and an | -OH bond and leave to become water, leaving a bond between the two molecules they were bonded to
40
Hydrolysis
The inverse of dehydration synthesis, in which a water molecule is added and then breaks, separating the two sugars
41
Polymer
Molecule with repeating subunits of the same general type
42
Starch, cellulose, and glycogen
Most common polysaccharides
43
Plastids
Family of similar organelles including chloroplasts that are present in the cells of photosynthetic organisms
44
Amino acids
Building blocks of proteins
45
Amino group
-NH2 | One of the four important parts of an amino acid
46
Carboxyl group
-COOH | One of the four important parts of an amino acid
47
R group/side chain
Changes based on specific amino acid | One of the four important parts of an amino acid
48
Functional groups
Distinctive groups of atoms that play a large role in determining the chemical behavior of the compound they are a part of
49
Dipeptide
Two bound amino acids
50
Peptide bond
Bond between two amino acids
51
Polypeptide
3+ peptides joined together
52
Protein
3D structure of a polypeptide that has folded and twisted on itself
53
Lipids
Group of compounds that mixes poorly, if at all, with water
54
Fats, oils, phospholipids and steroids
Kinds of lipids
55
Neutral fats
Simple lipids, made of 3 fatty acids and a glycerol
56
Glycerol
Backbone of most lipids
57
Ester linkage
Linkage between the glycerol molecule and the fatty acids, formed by dehydration synthesis
58
Saturated
Fatty acids that have single bonds between each of their carbons and hydrogens Solid at room temp
59
Unsaturated
Fatty acids that have double bonds somewhere on their carbon-hydrogen chains, and do not have the maximum number of hydrogens Liquid at room temp
60
Polyunsaturated
Fatty acids that have more than one double bond
61
Hydrophobic
Water-hating/ don't mix with water, nonpolar
62
Hydrophilic
Water-loving/ mixes well with water, polar
63
Amphipathic
Molecule that has both hydrophilic and -phobic regions
64
Nucleic acids
Polymer made of many nucleotide sequences that serves as a blueprint for proteins and all cellular activities, DNA and RNA
65
Nucleotides
Building blocks of nucleic acids | Nitrogenous bases, ribose/deoxyribose, phosphate group
66
DNA and RNA
The two types of nucleic acid
67
Heterotrophs
Consumers | Rely on organic molecules for food
68
Autotrophs
Producers | Make their own food

AP Bio (10 decks)

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