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AP Bio > Part 5: Molecular Genetics > Flashcards

Part 5: Molecular Genetics Flashcards

(74 cards)

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0
Q

Heterochromatin

A

Genetic material at is tightly wound into chromosomes, genes generally inactive

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1
Q

Euchromatin

A

Genetic material that is loose in the cell, available for transcription

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2
Q

Double helix

A

Long twisted ladder shape of DNA

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3
Q

Nucleotides

A

Subunits of DNA

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4
Q

5C sugar

A

Part of a nucleotide, ribose or deoxyribose

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5
Q

Nitrogenous base

A

A, T (U in RNA), C, or G

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6
Q

Adenine

A

A

Purine (2 rings)

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7
Q

Guanine

A

G

Purine (2 rings)

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8
Q

Cytosine

A

C

Pyrimidine (1 ring)

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9
Q

Thymine

A

T

Pyrimidine (1 ring)

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10
Q

Phosphodiester bonds

A

Linkages between nucleotides

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11
Q

Base pairing

A

Predictable matching of the nitrogenous bases of nucleic acids
A-T or U
C-G

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12
Q

Complementary

A

One strand of DNA (ideally) fits together perfectly with the other strand because of base pairing

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13
Q

Antiparallel

A

Property of DNA that strands are opposite to each other (i.e. one strand is 5’-3’ and the other is 3’-5’)

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14
Q

Hydrogen bonds

A

Bonds between nitrogenous bases on opposite DNA strands

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15
Q

DNA replication

A

Copying of DNA

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16
Q

Helicase

A

The enzyme that unwinds the DNA at the beginning of DNA replication

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17
Q

Replication fork

A

The place where the unwound DNA meets the still wound DNA, and the helicase is present to unwind the DNA

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18
Q

Topoisomerase

A

Enzyme that goes down the strand of DNA before helicase to prevent tangling and breaking of the DNA while it os being split

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19
Q

DNA polymerase

A

Adds the new nucleotides to the template strands of DNA

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20
Q

RNA primase

A

Short strand of RNA nucleotides that is attached to the 5’ end that must be replace by DNA polymerase

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21
Q

Leading strand

A

Strand that goes from 5’ to 3’ copying, so DNA replication can happen continuously

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22
Q

Lagging strand

A

3’ to 5’ strand, copied discontinuously

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23
Q

Okazaki fragments

A

Pieces of DNA formed on the lagging strand that are eventually pasted together to form a new strand of DNA

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24
DNA ligase
The enzyme that pastes the Okazaki fragments together
25
Semiconservative
Half of each parent strand is conserved and used in the daughter strands
26
Transcription factors
Proteins that control the transfer of genetic info from DNA to RNA
27
Uracil
U | Replace thymine
28
mRNA
Messenger RNA, copies the info stored in the DNA, and carries it to the ribosome
29
rRNA
Ribosomal RNA, makes up ribosomes
30
tRNA
Transfer RNA, shuttles amino acids to the ribosomes
31
Protein synthesis
Transcription, RNA processing, translation
32
Transcription
Direct copying of the code for proteins from DNA; initiation, elongation, termination
33
Promoters
The special sequences of DNA at which RNA polymerase binds and transcription begins
34
Sense strand/template strand
Strand that is used as the template for the production of the RNA sequence
35
Antisense strand
The strand that is not used during transcription | New RNA will have the same sequence as that strand, but replacing T with U
36
RNA polymerase
The molecule responsible for traveling down the strand of DNA and correctly pairing the RNA nucleotides to form mRNA (does it split the chain?)
37
Exons
The regions that express the code for polypeptides
38
Introns
No coding regions of mRNA
39
Spliceosome
RNA protein complex that removes introns
40
Poly A tail
String of Adenines that is added to the 3' end of the mRNA
41
5' cap
Added to the 5' end of mRNA to make transport across the nuclear membrane easier
42
Codon
Groups of 3 bases that code for specific amino acids | Redundant, but not ambiguous
43
Anticodon
Part of tRNA that matches up with the codon of the mRNA to place its amino acid on the chain
44
Translation
The process by which mRNA, via tRNA, creates a polypeptide chain RNA-->protein
45
A, P, and E sites
Places on a ribosome where the tRNA attaches, the polypeptide is released, and exits
46
Primary structure of a protein
The string of amino acids in a polypeptide
47
Secondary structure of a protein
Alpha helix or beta-pleated sheets
48
Tertiary structure of a polypeptide
Folding of the polypeptide into a 3D structure
49
Quaternary structure of a protein
2+ polypeptides join to form protein
50
Chaperonins
Proteins that supervise and aid in the folding of new proteins
51
Mutation
A wrong sequence of DNA, and therefore RNA and polypeptides
52
Base substitutions
Length of the polypeptide is not changed, just a base pair is substituted for another
53
Missense mutations
Codon is altered in such a way that one amino acid is replaced with another
54
Nonsense mutations
Codon is changed in such a way that protein synthesis is terminated early
55
Silent mutations
Mutations that usually occur in the 3rd base of a codon and do not change the protein at all
56
Gene rearrangements
Mutations that affect many of the base pairs and codons, often change the length of the mRNA
57
Insertions
An extra base is inserted into the sequence, disrupting the entire sequence of codons
58
Deletions
A base pair is removed from the mRNA, disrupting the entire sequence of codons
59
Duplications
Result in an extra copy of genes, usually caused by an unequal crossing over during meiosis or chromosome rearrangements
60
Inversions
Result from changes in the orientations of chromosomal regions
61
Translocations
Result from chromosomal breaking and rejoining in a way that a DNA sequence or gene is lost repeated, or interrupted
62
Gene expression
How the genetic sequence of an organism contributes to its appearance or functions
63
Recombinant DNA
Combined DNA from multiple sources that creates a unique DNA not found in nature
64
Genetic engineering
Branch or science that creates new organisms or products by transferring genes between cells
65
Restriction enzymes
Enzymes used to cut certain parts out of eukaryotic DNA and plasmids (nonessential bacterial DNA) to create an insertion site for the eukaryotic DNA
66
Transformation
Plasmid DNA is combined with he bacteria and placed under conditions that favor the uptake of the DNA
67
Gel electrophoresis
The process by which DNA fragments can be separated according to their molecular weight
68
Restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLPs)
Differences between the DNA fragments of members of the same species
69
DNA fingerprinting
RFLPs produced from DNA left at a crime scene are compared to RFLPs from the DNA of suspects
70
Polymerase chain reaction (PCR)
The process by which we can make billions of identical genes in a matter of hours DNA is placed in a test tube, which is heated and cooled rapidly. Each time the DNA is heated, the hydrogen bonds break between the strands, and Taq polymerase can add nucleotides on both sides of the DNA, creating 2 identical strands of DNA (repeated over and over again)
71
Lytic cycle
Lagging strand virus immediately starts using the host cell's machinery to replicate the genetic material and create protein capsids, which spontaneously assemble into viruses and cause the cell to lyse, or break open, releasing the viruses
72
Lysogenic cycle
Virus incorporates itself into the host genome, remains dormant until triggered to switch to the lytic cycle
73
Retroviruses
Use reverse transcriptionase to convert their RNA genomes into DNA so they can be inserted into a host genome High mutation rates, no error-proofing mechanisms

AP Bio (10 decks)

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