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Mrs Ps extra set of cards > Part 2 > Flashcards

Part 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the first step of imbibition in germination?

A

Rehydration

Imbibition rehydrates the seed, allowing enzymes and other essential molecules to become active.

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2
Q

How does imbibition affect seed swelling?

A

The absorbed water causes the seed to swell, helping break down the seed coat

This facilitates the growth of the embryo.

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3
Q

What metabolic process resumes after a seed is rehydrated?

A

Mobilization of stored food reserves and initiation of growth

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4
Q

What critical factor affects imbibition?

A

Water availability

The amount of water available to the seed is essential.

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5
Q

What role does the seed coat play in imbibition?

A

The structure and permeability of the seed coat influence the rate of water uptake.

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6
Q

What is the relationship between solute concentration and imbibition?

A

Solute concentration is indirectly proportional to the rate of imbibition.

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7
Q

How does surface area affect the rate of imbibition?

A

Greater surface area leads to a higher rate of imbibition.

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8
Q

Define turnover rate (kcat) in terms of enzyme activity.

A

Maximum number of chemical conversions of S molecules per second that a single catalytic site carries out at a given concentration of E.

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9
Q

What factors can affect the turnover rate (kcat)?

A
  • pH
  • Temperature
  • Concentration of substrate(s)
  • Concentration of inhibitor(s)
  • Concentration of activator(s)
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10
Q

What are ways enzyme activity can be repressed?

A
  • Environmental factors (e.g., pH, temperature)
  • Gene expression regulation
  • Feedback inhibition
  • Inhibitors (competitive and non-competitive)
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11
Q

What distinguishes reversible inhibitors from irreversible inhibitors?

A

Reversible inhibitors form weak bonds; irreversible inhibitors form strong, covalent bonds with enzymes.

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12
Q

What is the impact of enzyme inhibition on germination?

A
  • Inhibition of food reserve breakdown
  • Inhibition of metabolic processes
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13
Q

Give an example of a plant chemical that acts as an inhibitor of germination.

A

Abscisic acid (ABA)

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14
Q

What is embryo growth primarily a result of?

A

Mitosis

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15
Q

What is the significance of understanding seed dormancy for farmers?

A

It helps optimize crop production and adapt to environmental conditions.

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16
Q

How does seed dormancy regulate germination?

A

Prevents seeds from germinating immediately after dispersal.

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17
Q

What advantage does synchronizing planting and harvesting provide?

A

Optimizes crop production and resource use.

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18
Q

What ecological role does seed dormancy play?

A

Survival strategy for plants in variable environments.

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19
Q

How does dormancy enhance yields and crop productivity?

A
  • Ensures uniformity in germination
  • Maximizes growing season
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20
Q

How does seed dormancy help in adapting to local climate?

A

Allows selection of seeds that break dormancy based on specific seasonal cues.

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21
Q

What role does seed dormancy play in crop breeding?

A
  • Enhances yield potential
  • Introduces stress resistance
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22
Q

What is pre-harvest sprouting damage?

A

Occurs when crops are exposed to wet or humid conditions before harvesting.

23
Q

List the results of pre-harvest sprouting damage.

A
  • Loss of seed quality
  • Storage problems
  • Economic loss
24
Q

What is the malting process?

A

Controlled germination of barley to produce malted barley.

25
What features characterize uniform crops?
* Consistent plant size * Even maturity * Similar flowering or fruiting * Reduced pest and disease pressure * Improved yield
26
What are ancestral cereal species?
Wild or primitive cereal grains that are genetic precursors of modern cultivated cereals.
27
Define antagonism in plants.
Situations where an action brings about an opposite reaction.
28
How do abscisic acid (ABA) and gibberellins (GA) act antagonistically?
* ABA promotes seed dormancy, inhibits germination, inhibits root growth, delays flowering * GA breaks dormancy, enhances germination, promotes root growth, promotes flowering
29
What is the role of antagonists in the nervous system?
Molecules that bind to a synaptic receptor and decrease the effect of neurotransmitters.
30
Provide examples of antagonistic hormones in the endocrine system.
* Insulin and Glucagon * Calcitonin and Parathyroid Hormone (PTH)
31
What is environmental signalling?
Chemicals or factors that mimic or interfere with the action of hormones within an organism.
32
What are protein sub-families?
Groups of proteins within a larger family that share closer evolutionary relationships and specific functions.
33
What adaptations allow rice to germinate in flooded water?
* Ability to germinate under anaerobic conditions * Rapid elongation of cells * Aerenchyma tissue for gas transport
34
Why is barley considered a good cereal crop?
* Adaptable to various climates * More drought-tolerant than many other grains
35
What triggers rapid elongation of the coleoptile in flooding conditions?
Flooding triggers rapid elongation of the coleoptile which enables the seedling to emerge from the water and access oxygen from the air for aerobic respiration.
36
List the reasons why barley is considered a good cereal crop.
* Highly adaptable to a variety of climates * More drought-tolerant than many other grains * Relatively short growing season * Can grow in poorer, less fertile soils * Versatile in its uses (animal feed, food products, brewing) * Can produce high yields of grain * Strong resistance to certain diseases and pests * Rich source of fibre, vitamins, and minerals
37
Define abiotic factors.
Non-living factors e.g. pH, salinity, temperature.
38
Define biotic factors.
Living factors e.g. pests, pathogens, predators, prey.
39
What is vernalisation?
Period of exposing the seed to prolonged low temperatures during germination.
40
How does vernalisation affect flowering in cereals?
Prolonged exposure to cold temperatures promotes transcription of genes that produce proteins involved in flowering, resulting in accelerated flowering.
41
What role does the VRN1 gene play in vernalisation?
VRN1 is a promoter of flowering activated by low temperatures, with elevated expression levels leading to accelerated flowering.
42
True or False: Some alleles of VRN1 can express without vernalisation.
True.
43
What adaptations do xerophytes have for water conservation?
* Fleshy succulent leaves * Hinge cells that cause leaves to roll * Leaves reduced to scales, spines, or needles * Stomata closed during light and open at night * Sunken stomata and leaf surface covered in fine hairs * Reduced numbers of stomata * Thick waxy cuticles
44
What are wind-resistant plants?
Species that thrive in blustery conditions, e.g. Butterfly Bush, Rosemary, Lavender.
45
List the adaptations of wind-resistant plants.
* Flexibility in stems and leaves * Deep or extensive root systems * Reduced surface area in leaves
46
What defines drought-resistant plants?
Plants that thrive in arid conditions, e.g. marram grass, pine trees, spurge.
47
List the adaptations of drought-resistant plants.
* Reduced leaf area * Spines * Thick waxy coating * Water storage in stems or leaves
48
What is the purpose of the starch agar assay?
To investigate the effect of gibberellin concentration on the production of amylase in germinating barley seeds.
49
Fill in the blank: To produce gibberellic acid solutions, use a _______ procedure.
serial dilution
50
What is the first step in the starch agar assay procedure?
Produce 5 gibberellic acid solutions at different concentrations.
51
What safety measure is necessary when conducting the starch agar assay?
Add a suitable risk assessment for this procedure.
52
How should the cereal grains be prepared before placing them in gibberellin solutions?
Remove any outer husks and cut seeds horizontally to discard the seed half containing the embryo.
53
What is the significance of measuring the diameter of the clear zone around each cereal grain?
The larger the clear area, the more amylase was produced by the cereal grain.

Mrs Ps extra set of cards (2 decks)

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