PART 2-B: CITATION - RULES 11-14

Question 1

What is the rule when citing cases reported in the Philippine Reports (Phil.)?

Answer 1

Rule 11.1.1. When the case is reported in the Philippine Reports (Phil.), use this form:

< last name of first party > v. < last name of first opposing party >, < reporter volume > < report abbreviation > < first page of decision in reporter >,< specific page number in report > (< year of promulgation >).

Example

Reganit v. Ortaleza, 123 Phil. 456, 458 (2010).

Question 2

What is the citation format when citing cases reported in the Supreme Court Reports Annotated (SCRA)?

Answer 2

Rule 11.1.2. When the case is reported in the Supreme Court Reports Annotated (SCRA), use this form:

< last name of first party > v. < last name of first opposing party >, < docket number >, < reporter volume> < reporter abbreviation > < first page of decision in reporter >, < specific page number in reporter >, < month, day, year of promulgation >.

Example

Chavez v. Guardaya, G.R. No. 123456, 321 SCRA 654, 656, Jan. 10, 2011.

Question 3

How do we cite case names with public parties?

Answer 3

Rule 11.1.3. Use the abbreviations or acronyms by which public parties are commonly known (e.g., “People of the Philippines” is abbreviated to “People,” “Republic of the Philippines” is shortened to “Republic,”). For abbreviations of decisions written in Spanish, use the English equivalent (e.g. “People,” not “Pueblo,” for “El Pueblo de Filipinas”). Following international practice, “United States” is not to be abbreviated into “US” when used in court decisions.

Example

United States v. Arceo, 3 Phil. 381, 384 (1904).
Chi Ming Toi v. Ct. of Appeals, G.R. No. 119190, 266 SCRA 324, 327, Jan. 16, 1997.

Question 4

When natural persons are parties to a case that is being cited, what is the rule when writing the names of the parties?

Answer 4

Rule 11.1.4. For natural persons, use last names only and omit titles, prefixes, and suffixes in party names. However, when the name is Islamic, entirely in Mandarin, or in another language where names begin with the last name, cite the name in full.

Example
Dela Cruz v. Nat’l Lab. Rel. Comm’n
Lim Sian Tek v. Ladislao
United States v. Ah Chong
Chi Ming Tsoi v. Ct. of Appeals
Madula v. Santos

Not
Dela Cruz, Jr. v. Nat’l Lab. Rel. Comm’n
Tek v. Ladislao
United States v. Chong
Tsoi v. CA
Madula v. Judge Santos

Lim Sian Tek; Ah Chong - party name in another language

Question 5

When the natural person who is a party to a case bears a westernized Asian name, what is the rule?

Answer 5

Rule 11.1.5. As to Western or modern Asian names, the general rule in Rule 11.1.1 should be followed.

Example
Wong v. Carpio
Chua v. Timan

Not
Ignacio Wong v. Carpio
Salvador Chua v. Timan

Question 6

What is the rule when citing cases where the parties who are natural persons bear compound last names?

Answer 6

Rule 11.1.6. Cite compound names in full.

Example
People v. Dela Cruz
Cortes v. Chico-Nazario

Not
People v. Cruz
Cortes v. Chico

Question 7

Are we allowed to use et al. when there are multiple parties in a case?

Answer 7

No.

Rule 11.1.7. When there are multiple co-parties, refer only to the first on each side. Do not use “et al.”

Example
Oposa v. Factoran, G.R. No. 101083, 224 SCRA 792, July 30, 1993.

Not
Oposa et al. v. Factoran et al., G.R. no. 101083, 224 SCRA 792, July 30, 1993.

Question 8

How do we cite a consolidated Supreme Court case?

Answer 8

Rule 11.1.8. If two or more actions are consolidated in one decision, cite ony the case title of the first listed. The same goes for the docket number: only that of the first case is used.

Example
Estrada v. Desierto, G.R. No. 146710, 356 SCRA 108, 155–56, Mar. 2, 2001.

Not
Estrada v. Disierto, G.R. No. 146710–15, 356 SCRA 108, 155–56, Mar. 2, 2001.

Question 9

How do write the names of private juridical persons and tribunals or bodies who are parties to a case?

Answer 9

Rule 11.1.9. For private juridical persons and tribunals or bodies as parties, cite the name in full, but apply common abbreviations whenever applicable. Spell out acronyms, unless they form part of the actual name. Do not omit suffixes that indicate a corporation such as “Inc.” and “Corp.” Do not omit first names or middle initials when a person’s name is used as part of a juridical person’s name.

Question 10

How do we cite labor organizations where they are parties to a case?

Answer 10

Rule 11.1.10. For labor organizations, only the names of the independent unions, local chapters, and affiliates need to be spelled out. The names of federations or labor centers may be abbreviated using their widely accepted initialisms. Separate the name of the affiliate or local chapter from the federation using an en dash.

Question 11

How do we cite local government units and particular government entities?

Answer 11

Rule 11.1.11. For local government units, indicate the type of unit using prefixes such as “Province of”, “City of”, or “Municipality of”. When particular government entities are named, use the complete name, but apply common abbreviations.

Question 12

How do we cite cases that begin with procedural terms?

Answer 12

Rule 11.1.12. For cases that begin with procedural terms, use the italicized prefix “In re” and the last name of the person concerned or the subject of the decision.

Question 13

How do we cite administrative cases which begin with “Re:”?

Answer 13

Rule 11.1.13. Administrative case beginning with “Re:” should be rendered In re < first subject matter >. Omit other subject matters of the case after the first. Indicate the relevant court branches and omit geographical references.

Question 14

When is Philippine Reports used as citation as opposed to Supreme Court Reports Annotated?

Answer 14

Rule 11.1.14. Old Philippine Supreme Court cases are commonly reported in the Philippine Reports (Phil.), and more recent ones are found in the Supreme Court Reports Annotated (SCRA). In case an author uses the Philippine Reports for relatively recent Court decisions, it is recommended that the same be replaced with its equivalent in the Supreme Court Reports Annotated. If necessary, one may also refer to the Official Gazette (O.G.).

Question 15

When is it permissible to omit the specific page reference in a case citation?

Answer 15

Rule 11.1.15. When the case is being cited in general and no particular page is referred to, omit the reference to a specific page. If, however, the first page is referred to, do not omit the reference.

Question 16

What. isthe rule when the case name first appears in the body text?

Answer 16

Rule 11.1.16. The convention is to footnote the first instance of a case name with a general citation to the case, then footnote succeeding points with specific references. (Note that case names are italicized in text, but not in citations.)

Question 17

How do we cite a case when the reporter information is unavailable?

Answer 17

Rule 11.1.17. When the reporter citation is unavailable, omit it and rely on the docket number and full date. This is used for very recent and still unpublished decisions.

Question 18

How de we cite a case that has just been released. bythe Supreme Court in their website and has not yet been printed in SCRA or any reporter?

Answer 18

Rule 11.1.18. When referring to copies of decisions initially released by the Court instead of copies printed in reporters, use “at” after the date to refer to specific pages. Add a description of the source the first time it is cited. Note that this has now become useful for very recent cases that are directly upload to the Supreme Court Website.

Question 19

How do we cite a separate opinion?

Answer 19

Rule 11.1.19. When referring to a separate opinion, add “(< name >, J., < description >)” or “(< name >, C.J., < description >)” to the end of the citation. Cite the first page of the decision and not the first page of the separate opinion as the first page. Note that the “J.” is italicized. This notation may also be used to emphasize the ponente in a majority decision.

Question 20

How do we cite a case that is reported as ex parte?

Answer 20

Rule 11.1.20. If the case is reported as ex parte < first name of party >< last name of party >, omit the first name. “Ex parte” is italicized.

Question 21

How do we cite a cae which uses the phrases “on the relation of”, “on behalf of”, etc.?

Answer 21

Rule 11.1.21. Abbreviate “on the relation of”, “for the use of”, “on behalf of”, “as next friend of”, and similar expressions to “ex rel.” Use the form < related > ex rel. < real party in interest >. “Ex rel.” is italicized.

Question 22

How do we cite a special proceedings case where hte case contains both an adversary (party v. party) and. anon-adversary name (In re: party)?

Answer 22

Rule 11.1.22. In special proceedings where the case contains both an adversary (i.e., < party > v. < party >) and a non-adversary name (i.e., In re < party >), cite the adversary’s name first, followed by the non-adversary’s name in parentheses. Use the appropriate procedural phrase in Rules 11.1.20 – 21 for the non-adversary’s name.

Question 23

Do we need to repeat the case name in the footnote when the case name is already mentioned in-text?

Answer 23

Rule 11.1.23. If the case name is mentioned in-text, there is no need to repeat the case name in the footnote citation.

Question 24

How do we cite other philipine cases and administrative decision rendered by other courts, administrative agencies, tribunals, or bodies?

Answer 24

Rule 11.2.1. Cite other Philippine cases and administrative decisions by using the form

< case title >, < full docket number > (< court or body rendering the decision > < date of promulgation >).

Reproduce the full docket number and notation used and apply the rules on case titles as in Rule 11.1. For trial courts, indicate the branch and area after the name of the court.

Rule 11.2.2. Except for the commonly-used abbreviations of judicial and quasi-judicial bodies in Table 9, spell out the deciding body’s name.

Question 25

How do we cite cases that repeat within two footnotes?

Answer 25

Rule 11.3.1. “*Id*.” may be used with cases, **but never “*supra*.”** Use “*Id*.” Only when the repeated citation is within two footnotes. Observe this rule whenever possible to avoid lengthy citations.

Question 26

In what instances can we use the second party as the abbreviated case name for a citation?

Answer 26

Rule 11.3.2. The abbreviated case name is commonly the first party name, unless the second more clearly identifies the case, such as when the first party name is a government reference such as “People” or “Republic.” Whenever using the abbreviation, italicize the short form.

Question 27

How do we cite nonconsecutive but repetitive references to a case??

Answer 27

Rule 11.3.3. In case of **nonconsecutive but repetitive references** to a case, one may use the short form < abbreviated case name >, < reporter volume > < reporter abbreviation > at < specific page reference >, omitting other information that would be repeated. **Use this short form *only* when the subsequent reference is on the same page or roughly within five footnotes of the full citation, and the name is unambiguous**.

Question 28

How do we cite a case that has been referred to throughout an article or if its name is exceptionally long? May the paenthetical "hereinafter" be used in the body-text?

Answer 28

Rule 11.3.4. When a case is referred to throughout an article or the name is exceptionally long, one may also use to use a parenthetical “[hereinafter “< name >”]” and use this in place of the full reference in succeeding footnotes. Cite the whole reporter information, but remove the docket number and date of promulgation. Afterwards, apply Rule 11.3.2. as needed. Note that “hereinafter” need not be used in the body of the text when using an abbreviation or short name.

Question 29

How do we cite the Constitution?

Answer 29

Rule 12.1.1. Use "CONST." in small caps. Cite specific articles using "art." with no comma in between "CONST." and "art." *Note*: must be small caps not all caps! comma is included if there is a parenthetical indicating the year before "art."

Question 30

How do we cite a constitution that is no longer in force?

Answer 30

Rule 12.1.2. For a constitution no longer in force, **add the year (in parentheses) immediately next to "CONST."** Cite specific articles by adding a comma then citing normally. If the constitution being cited was amended, add "amend." in parentheses. *Note*: must be small caps and not all caps!

Question 31

How do we cite a foreign constitution?

Answer 31

Rule 12.1.3. For a foreign constitution, precede "CONST." with the proper country or state abbreviation. *See table of abbreviations for other countries*

Question 32

How do we cite an amendment in a Constitution? (This is often used for the US Constitution)

Answer 32

Rule 12.1.4. For an amendment, use "amend." instead of "art." This is generally used for references to the United States Constitution. *Note the difference with how we cite amended 1935 PH Constitution vs. an amendment to the US Constitution*

Question 33

How do we cite statutory codes?

Answer 33

Rule 12.2.1. When referring to a code, use the **appropriate abbreviation in small caps**; the list of abbreviations is in Table 8.1. *If the code is not listed in the said table*, apply the **common abbreviations**, omitting articles and prepositions such as "the" and "of". *If there is no abbreviation*, retain the full name but **still use small caps**.

Question 34

What is the practice when citing for the first time the code?

Answer 34

Rule 12.2.2. A comment indicating the *actual law* the first time the code is cited in the work may be added.

Question 35

When do we reference the year to a code?

Answer 35

Rule 12.2.3. For codes, references to the year need not be included, except when the **cited code is one that has already been superseded or repealed**.

Question 36

What is the rule when we cite codes written in Spanish?

Answer 36

G.R. Use the English translation of the Code XPN: When there is. a conflict and the Spanish original has been held to be controlling. Rule 12.2.4. Codes written in Spanish often have an official or commonly-used English translation. When reference is to the English translation, apply the abbreviations in Table 8.1. **When reference is to the *Spanish* original, cite the actual name of the code and apply Rule 12.2.1.** **As a general rule, use the English translation *unless* there is a conflict *and* the Spanish original has been held to be controlling**.

Question 37

How do we cite special laws (not codified)?

Answer 37

Rule 12.3.1. If the law is not a code, use < law form > (< year of effectivity >), < reference >. The common abbreviations of law forms are in Table 8.2. Rule 12.3.2. A comment indicating the law's *short name* the first time it is cited may be added. It is permissible to use these short forms in the text of articles.

Question 38

Do we use abbreviations when citing constitutional legislative materials?

Answer 38

Rule 12.4.1. Use abbreviations when citing **constitutional legislative materials**. The common abbreviations of legislative materials are in Table 8.3.

Question 39

How do we cite the Record or Journal of the Constitutional Commission?

Answer 39

Rule 12.4.2. To cite the Record or Journal of the Constitutional Commission, use the form: < volume > < reference > < refernece number >, < page cited > (< date >).

Question 40

What is the format for citing a Senate or House Bill?

Answer 40

Rule 12.4.3. To cite a Senate or House Bill, use the form: < reference >, < congress >, < session >, < section cited > (< year >). You may indicate the **short name and the author or the short name with a comment.**

Question 41

What is. the format for citing a House or Senate Resolution?

Answer 41

Rule 12.4.4. To cite House or Senate Resolutions, use the form: < reference >, < congress >, < session >, < session cited > (< year >). The short name of the Resolution may be indicated with a comment.

Question 42

How do we cite Committee Reports?

Answer 42

Rule 12.4.5. To cite Committee Reports, use the form: < reference >, < congress > < session > (< year >). Indicate the name of the committee/s.

Question 43

How do we cite Bicameral Committee Reports?

Answer 43

Rule 12.4.6. To cite Bicameral Committee Reports, use the form: < committee name >, Bicameral Conerence Committee Report on < subject >, < congress > (< year >).

Question 44

How do we cite Congressional Journals?

Answer 44

Rule 12.4.7. To cite Congressional Journals, use the form: < reference >, < Congress >, < Session >, < page/s cited > (< date >).

Question 45

How do we cite Congressional Records?

Answer 45

Rule 12.4.7. To cite Congrsessional Records, use the form: < volumte > < congress > Cong. Record < reference number >, < page cited > (< date >).

Question 46

How do we cite executive issuances or administrative regulations?

Answer 46

Rule 12.5.1. In general, cite an executive issuance or administrative regulation **as one would a regular statute.** See Table 8.4 for common abbreviations of executive and administrative issuances. **Cite the issuing agency's name in full** instead of its common abbreviation, unless one introduces subsequent references in parentheses. Do *not* omit the date even if evident from the regulation's serial number.

Question 47

How do we cite Executive Orders, Proclamations, Administrative Orders, Letter of Instructions and General Orders by the President?

Answer 47

Rule 12.5.2. For Executive Orders, Proclamations, Administrative Orders, Letter of Instructions and General Orders issued by the President, this format may be used: < type of issuance > < number > (< year >). The short name may be indicated with a comment.

Question 48

How do we cite opinions of executive offices?

Answer 48

Rule 12.5.3. For Opinions of executive offices, cite using this form: < Issuing person or agency > Op. No. < opinion number > (< date >).

Question 49

How do we cite Implementing Rules and Regulations?

Answer 49

Rule 12.5.4. For Implementing Rules and Reulations, use the form: < type of issuance > < number > Rules & Regs. (< year >). If the law subject of the IRR is one of those enumerated under Table 8.1. (e.g., Securities Regulations Code), use such abbreviation in place of spelling out the law's full formal name.

Question 50

How do we cite provincial, city and municipal ordinances?

Answer 50

Rule 12.6.1. To cite provincial, city and municipal ordinances, use the form: < LGU name > Ordinance No. < serial number of ordinance >, (< date of adoption >). The short name of the ordinance may be indicate with a comment.

Question 51

How do we cite the legislative acts of autonomous regions?

Answer 51

Rule 12.6.2. To cite legislative acts of autonomous region—presently, only the Bangsamoro Region in Muslim Mindanao—use the form: < abbreviation of the autonomous region >< type of act > No. < serial number of act > (< date of adoption >). The short name of the act may be indicated with a comment.

Question 52

How do we cite the Rules of Court?

Answer 52

Rule 12.7.1. Although not a statute, the Rules of Court are cited in the same way a codified law is, except one use "Rule" instead of "art." Use the format: (in small caps) RULES OF COURT, Rule < number >. Note that "Rule" is capitalized. Note: RULES OF COURT must be small caps and not all caps!!

Question 53

What is the proper way to cite Rules of Court which are no longer in force?

Answer 53

Rule 12.7.2. To refer to rules no longer in force, enclose the year in parentheses after "RULES OF COURT".

Question 54

How do we cite reglementary issuances of the Supreme Court such as the Rules on the Writ of Amparo?

Answer 54

Rule 12.7.3. For reglementary issuances of the Supreme Court (e.g., Rules on the Writ of Amparo), refer to Table 10. If no prescribed form therein applies, apply the rules on legislative materials.

Question 55

How do we cite conventions and multilateral treaties?

Answer 55

Rule 12.8.1. For conventions and multilateral treaties, use the form < name of agreement > < cited article >, < date of signing >, < reporter citation or link to document >. The date of entry into force or ratification in a comment may be added after the citation. One may also opt to use a short name for the convention or treaty for the sake of convenience.

Question 56

How do we cite bilateral treaties?

Answer 56

Rule 12.8.2. For bilateral treaties, add the two countries' abbreviations and connect these with a dash, using the form < name of agreement > < cited article >, < date of signing >, < abbreviate names of parties to the aggrement >, < reporter citation or link to document >. See Table 4 for a list of abbreviations of countries.

Question 57

Wha is the rule when citing consecutive footnotes for constitutions, statutes, and treaties?

Answer 57

Rule 12.9.1. Do not use *id*. or *supra*. as short forms for constitutions or statutes, including treaties. For **consecutive footnotes**, you may use the **section or article reference alone** after the first, omitting the reference to the statute, but including references to the article, rule or the like, under which the section or article falls. Note that because United States law is primarily citd using codified versions, Philippine statute citations are relatively shorter.

Question 58

What is the rule when citing nonconsecutive footnotes for constitutions, statutes, and treaties?

Answer 58

Rule 12.9.2. For **nonconsecutive footnotes** referring to a statute after the first reference, it is permissible to use **section or article references alone if the reference is on the same page or within roughly five footnotes** of the full citation. However, *if this short form appears confusing*, especially because of section references to other sources, use the **statute or bill reference with the section or article reference**, and omit the other data.

Question 59

May a short name be used in cases of nonconsecutive citations for constitutions, statutes, and treaties?

Answer 59

Rule 12.9.3. One may opt to use a short name, indicated by a parenthetical "[hereinafter "< name >"]" before the section reference in the first full statute refrence. Use the same short forms, but use the indicated short name in place of the statute or bill reference in subsequent citations.

Question 60

What is the rule when using a comment to introduce a statute's short name?

Answer 60

Rule 12.9.4. When using a comment to introduce a statute's short name, the following forms are permissible and ordered according to preference: (1) simply indicating the title after the citation; (2) attaching a descriptive phrase; (3) adding a descriptive sentence. As far as practicable, apply the first option.

Question 61

How do we cite books, pamphlets, formal reports and other nonperiodical materials of substantial length?

Answer 61

Rule 13.1.1. Books, pamphlets, formal reports, and other nonperiodical materials of substantial length are distinguished from other sources by setting their titles and authors in small caps. Use the form < volumte number > < Author > < Title > < page number > (< year published >). The volume number may either be in Roman or Hindu-Arabic numerals, depending on how the work used the same, while the author's name must follow Rule 2.1. There is no comma between the title of the work and the page number, but there should be a comma if instead of a page number, reference is made to a subdivision.

Question 62

What is the rule if the author is credited with the work but wrote it on behalf of an institution? What is the rule if the author is not credited. bythe institution?

Answer 62

Rule 13.1.2. If an author is credited with the work but wrote it on behalf of an institution, specify this institution after the author's name (i.e., < name of the author >, < name of the institution >, < title of the work >); otherwise, specify the institution as the author. If a work is part of a series, include the series number as part of the title.

Question 63

What is the rule if a source has multiple editions?

Answer 63

Rule 13.1.3. If a source has multiple editions, **specify the edition** by adding the notation "ed." in parentheses with the year, using no comma.

Question 64

What is the rule if the source specifies an editor or translator?

Answer 64

Rule 13.1.4. If a source has an editor, editors, or a translator, specify these with the notation "ed.", "eds.", and "trans.", respectively, followed by a comma.

Question 65

What is the rule when referring to a copy with different pagination such as a later publication by another publisher?

Answer 65

Rule 13.1.5. When referring to a copy with different pagination such as a later publication by another publisher, specify the edition or publisher information in another parenthetical before the year as follows:

Question 66

How do we cite a short work in a collection?

Answer 66

Rule 13.1.6. Whenreferring to a short work in a collection, use the form < author >, < *title* >, *in* < (in small caps) TITLE OF COLLECTION > < page number > (< year published >). Set the name of the collection in small caps, but if the collection features the work of only one author, format his name. insmall caps as well. In exceptional cases where books are compiled in a collection, format *both* the author's name and the title in small caps. One may specify the publisher of the compilation if it helps identify the collection.

Question 67

How do we cite academic journals?

Answer 67

Rule 13.2.1. Academic journals are among the most commonly-cited secondary sources in academic writing. Use the form < author >, < *title of article* >, < volume number > < *in small caps* JOURNAL ABBREVIATION > < first page of article >, < specific page number, if applicable > (< year published >). **If the article being cited has a "*Cite as*" clause in it, cite the article as stated. ** Thus, when the article states that it is to be cited using the author's full name instead of just his/her first and last name, cite it in accordance with the former. **There is no need to place the link from which it was retrieved.**

Question 68

What is the rule on abbreviating journals?

Answer 68

Rule 13.2.2. **Note that only the journal abbreviation is in small caps.** These abbreviations are created using standard geographic and commonly-used abbreviations. Thus, for example, the Philippine Law Journal is *in small caps* "PHIL. L.J." **Only a number of institutions enjoy special abbreviations such as Harvard *in small caps* ("HARV.") and Columbia *in small caps* ("COLUM.").** See **Table 6** for abbreviations of foreign and local journals. If the journal or periodical cited does not have a corresponding abbreviation herein, refer to **Table 1 on Common Abbreviations** to abbreviate the individual words of the cited journal or periodical.

Question 69

What should be omitted and/or retained in abbreviating the title of a journal article?

Answer 69

Rule 13.2.3. In abbreviating the title of the journal or periodical, **omit the words "a," "at," "in," "of," and "the;" but *retain the word "on*."**

Question 70

What is the rule when the journal uses the year as its volume number?

Answer 70

Rule 13.2.4. When the journal uses the year as its volume number, omit the year in parentheses.

Question 71

What is the rule when the article is prefixed by a description such as "Note", "Comment", or "Essay"?

Answer 71

Rule 13.2.5. When the article is prefixed by a description such as "Note", "Comment", or "Essay", place this before the title but do not italicize.

Question 72

How do we cite magazines and ordinary periodicals?

Answer 72

Rule 13.3.1. Magazines and ordinary periodicals differ in that they are commonly referred to by date and not by volume number. Use the form < author >, < *title of article* >, < *in small caps* PERIODICAL TITLE >, < inclusive dates >, at < first page of article >, < specific page number >. The title of the article is *italicized*. The title of the publication is set in small caps.

Question 73

How do we cite newspapers and daily publications?

Answer 73

Rule 13.4.1. For newspapers and daily publications, use the form < author >, < *title of article* >, < *in small caps* NEWSPAPER/PUBLICATION ABBREVIATION >, < date >, at < specific page number >. Furthermore, when citing foreign publications which feature state or city names in its name, abbreviate such state or city name using the corresponding abbreviations found in the BLUEBOOK.

Question 74

How do we cite an article uploaded on a website?

Answer 74

Rule 13.4.2. If the citation refers to an article uploaded on the publication's website, replace the page reference herein with an "*at*" attaching thereto the URL of the specific article cited.

Question 75

What is the proper of citing opinion columns and other running pieces?

Answer 75

Rule 13.4.3. For opinion columns and other running pieces, add the title of the column before the title of the article, but separate these using a colon instead of a comma.

Question 76

How do we cite articles with no identified authors?

Answer 76

Rule 13.4.4. For articles with no identified author/s, cite them directly starting with the title. However, if the article designates the publication itself as the author, use such publication's name as the author for purposes of citation.

Question 77

What is the typeface for a newspaper column and a newspaper publication?

Answer 77

Rule 13.4.5. The title of the article (and the column, if applicable) is italicized. The title of the publication is set to small caps.

Question 78

How do we cite documents formally catalogued (e.g. UN Documents)?

Answer 78

Rule 13.5.1. [...] If referring to a document that is formally catalogued such as United Nations Documents, use the form < author >, < title >, at < specific page number or equivalent pinpoint citation >, < reference number > (< date >).

Question 79

How do we cite documents which are not properly catalogued (e.g. unpublished papers, theses, manuscripts, etc.)?

Answer 79

Rule 13.5.2. Otherwise, use the simpler form < author >, < title >, at < specific page number > (< date >), but one is advised to note where the document is located. This is often used for unpublished papers. For academic works such as theses, however, specify the institution and relevant degree. For a **soon-to-be-published work**, cite it as you would a normal published work, but include a **parenthetical at the end** with the word "**forthcoming**," indicating as well the expected year of release.

Question 80

How do we cite a soon-to-be-published work?

Answer 80

For a **soon-to-be-published work**, cite it as you would a normal published work, but include a **parenthetical at the end** with the word "**forthcoming**," indicating as well the expected year of release. [Rule 13.5.2.]

Question 81

How do we cite working papers?

Answer 81

Rule 13.5.3. For **working papers**, indicate the name of the sponsoring organization, the working paper designation and number, as well as the year. Use the following format: < author >, < *title* >, < page cited > (< sponsoring organization >, < designation and number >, < year >).

Question 82

How do we cite letters, interviews, and speeches?

Answer 82

Rule 13.5.4. Use the same form of **letters, interviews, speeches**, and the like, but prefix them with descriptive phrases such as "Letter from... to", "Interview with", "E-mail from, and "Speech delivered". When applicable, specify the venue or the occasion.

Question 83

How do we cite Internet sources?

Answer 83

Rule 13.6.1. Cite Internet sources the same way one would similar conventional sources (for example, online version of books are cited using small caps), but add a comma and then "*at* < URL >." if the source is found **exclusively on the Internet**, or "*available at* < URL >." if the srouce is an **Internet copy** of a conventional source. The URL citation may replace a reporter citation, or may be cited in addition to a conventional citation.

Question 84

How do we cite an Internet source if it is undated?

Answer 84

Rule 13.6.2. If an Internet source is undated, add the last date the website was updated or modified in parentheses. If this information is not available, indicate when the website was last checked.

Question 85

How do we cite a web page that has no equivalent conventional sources?

Answer 85

Rule 13.6.3. If a web page has no equivalent conventional source, it is easily cited using < title of page >, < WEBSITE NAME >, *at* < URL >. The title of the page is italicized. The name of the website is set in small caps.

Question 86

How do we cite an official website?

Answer 86

Rule 13.6.4. If the website is an official website, its name may be cited as *in small caps* < ORGANIZATION > WEBSITE. This only applies to government agencies, private companies, and the like. There. isno need to put "website" if it is for publications and blog sites, among others.

Question 87

How do we cite American or other foreign case decisions?

Answer 87

Rule 14.1. For American and other foreign decisions, use the citation form: < last name of first party > v. < last name of first opposing party >, < reporter volume > < reporter abbreviation > < first page of decision in reporter >, < specific page number in reporter >, (< year of decision >). There is no need to specify the docket number unless the case is recent and has not yet been published.

Question 88

How do we cite American or foreign lower court rulings?

Answer 88

Rule 14.2. Lower court rulings commonly specify the court before the year.

Question 89

What. isthe reference for old American reporters?

Answer 89

Rule 14.3. Refer to the BLUEBOOK for other forms such as those specifying old American reporters. Consider these optional, however, and avoid using multiple reporters and lengthening the citation by noting, for example, how *certiorari* was denied. Such detail is of lesser use to non-American readers.

Answer 90

Rule 14.4. When a reporter citation form already uses the year. asthe volume number, omit the year from the citation. If the full date is necessary, merely omit the year.

Question 91

How do we cite case decisions by international courts and tribunals?

Answer 91

Rule 14.5. For international decisions and arbitrations, omit prefixes such as "Case Concerning." Add a parenthetical "(< country abbreviation > v. < country abbreviation >)" after the case name, unless the decision is an advisory opinion. For cases decided by the *International Court. of Justice*, use the form: < case title >, < abbreviated party names >, < stage >, < reporter citation >, < pinpoint citation > (< date without year >). For cases decided by *other tribunals*, replace the date with "(< abbreviated name of tribunal > < year if published, full date if not published >)."

Question 92

How do we cite films?

Answer 92

Rule 15.1. When citing films, use the following form: < *in small caps* MOVIE TITLE > (< production company > < year >).

Question 93

How do we cite TV Programs?

Answer 93

Rule 15.2. When citing TV Programs, use the following form: < *TV Show Name* >:< *Episode Name* > (< broadcast company > < date of air >).

Question 94

How do we cite an album record?

Answer 94

Rule 16.1. To cite an album or record, use the following form: < *in small caps* ARTIST >, < *in small caps* ALBUM/RECORD TITLE > (< name of recording company > < date of release >).

Question 95

How do we cite a specific song?

Answer 95

Rule 16.2. To cite a specific song, use the following form: < *in small caps* ARTIST >, < *song title* >, *on* < *in small caps* ALBUM/RECORD TITLE> (< name of recording company > < date of release >).

Question 96

How do we cite Facebook posts?

Answer 96

Rule 17.1. For Facebook posts, use the following form: < Name of Facebook page >, < *title of post* >, *in small caps* FACEBOOK (< date of posting> ), *at* < URL >.

Question 97

How do we cite Twitter posts?

Answer 97

Rule 17.2. For Twitter posts, use the following form: < Name of Twitter account > (< Twitter handle >), *in small caps* TWITTER (< date of posting >, < time of posting >), *at* < URL >.

Question 98

How do we cite podcasts?

Answer 98

RULE 18.1. For podcasts, use the following form: < *title* >, < *in small caps* ORGANIZATION > (< date >), *at* < URL >. If it is not accessible through a URL, insert a parenthetical indicating how it can be accessed.