[Part 2]- B7- non-communicable diseases 🚬🚭 Flashcards
(27 cards)
1
Q
What are examples of non-communicable diseases ? [5]
A
- cardiovascular diseases- [e.g- coronary heart disease]
- type 2 diabetes
- most types of cancer
- arthritis
- and high blood pressure
2
Q
What are risk factors for cardiovascular diseases ?
A
- diet
- smoking
- exercise
3
Q
What are risk factors for cardiovascular diseases ?
Hint: 🧂
A
- diet- a diet high in fat, and low in vegetables increases the levels of certain types of cholesterol in the blood [such as LDL cholesterol]= increasing the rate that fatty material, builds up in the arteries.
- a diet high in salt, can increase blood pressure- increasing the risk of developing cardiovascular disease.
4
Q
What are risk factors for cardiovascular diseases ?
Hint: 🚬
A
- smoking and exercise- massively increased for people who smoke; decreased in people who regularly exercise.
5
Q
What are the risk factors for lung cancer ?
A
- smoking- smoking massively increases the risk of lung cancer.
- This is because, cigarette smoke contains a number of carcinogens, which can trigger cancer.
6
Q
How else can smoking be harmful ?
A
- it can increase the risk of other lungs diseases [such as emphysema],which are extremely unpleasant, leading to a very poor quality of life.
- emphysema, is a disease in which the walls of the alveoli break down, reducing the surface area for gasesous exhange of the lungs.
7
Q
What else can you tell me about emphysema ? [4]
A
- the airways become inflamed, and mucus, which normally traps particles in the lungs, builds up
- infection often occurs in the mucus and alveoli are damaged, reducing their elasticity and surface area
- the patient becomes breathless, and finds it more and more difficult to obtain the oxygen required for respiration
- [The damage caused by emphysema is also permanent. The disease cannot be cured and can result in death.]
8
Q
What are some lifestyle choices that can harm babies ? 🚼
A
- smoking- smoking when pregnant can harm an unborn baby, increasing the risk of miscarriage and premature birth- it can also lead to the baby having a low-body mass.
- alcohol- drinking alcohol when pregnant, can cause fatal alcohol syndrome.
- children born with fatal alcohol syndrome, can have learning difficulties and other mental or physical problems.
9
Q
How can drinking alcohol effect adults ? 🍷
A
- adults who excessively drink alcohol, increase the risk of liver cirrhosis and lung cancer.
- alcohol can also affect the brain, leading to addiction and memory loss.
10
Q
What is type 2 diabetes ?
A
- people with type 2 diabetes, struggle to control their blood glucose levels and type 2 diabetes is [a very serious disease] can lead to blindness or amputation of a limb.
11
Q
What is a risk factor for type 2 diabetes ?
A
- obesity- obese people, have a much higher risk of developing type 2 diabetes.
12
Q
How can risk factors interact ?
A
- risk factors can interact, as drinking excess alcohol, can lead to obesity- then increasing the risk of type 2 diabetes.
13
Q
What risk factors are not linked to lifestyle ?
A
- substances that are present in your environment- [e.g- radon]
14
Q
Explain in detail the effects of the harmful substances found in tobacco smoke
A
- tar- Tar is a sticky-brown substance that collects in the lungs when tobacco smoke is breathed in. It can stain fingers and teeth a yellow-brown colour.
- Tar contains cancer-causing chemicals. It also increases the risk of lung diseases, such as emphysema and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).
15
Q
Explain in detail why eating a poor diet can lead to health problems.
A
- eating a poor diet can lead to health problems since:
- If we eat too much, we take in too much energy and so the food is stored as fat - obesity (overweight).
- but If we eat too little, our body has to get the energy it needs from breaking down fat or muscle tissue – we lose weight- this can lead to malnutrition.
16
Q
Explain in further detail why eating a poor diet can lead to health problems.
A
- starvation- if you aren’t eating enough nutrients, the body isn’t able to function properly and this can lead to tiredness, and a weakened immune system.
- constipation- a lack of fibre or lots of fluids, can prevent the passage of faeces through the rectum, causing discomfort and severe pain and damage if not treated.
17
Q
How can BMI [body mass index be calculated] ?
A
- BMI= mass [kg] ➗ height [m^2]
18
Q
Explain in detail how drinking alcohol affects the nervous system. [5] 🧠
A
- drinking alcohol can affect the nervous system because:
- it Lowers inhibition and creates feeling of wellbeing, since it first stimulates, then depresses
- it also causes a slowed brain and muscular activity
- aswell as a slowed thinking and reaction time
- and Dependency and addiction
19
Q
Explain the link between ionising radiation and cancer. 🩻
A
- High-energy radiation, such as x-rays, gamma rays, alpha particles, beta particles, and neutrons, can damage DNA and cause cancer.
- These forms of radiation can be released in accidents at nuclear power plants and when atomic weapons are tested or used.
21
Q
Describe the short-term effects of drinking alcohol.
A
- short- term:
- Impaired judgement of time and distance
- Dizziness and loss of balance
21
Q
Explain in detail the effects of the harmful substances found in tobacco smoke
A
- Carbon Monoxide- carbon monoxide is a poisonous gas, contained in tobacco smoke.
- it stops the blood from carrying as much oxygen—> organs of the body don’t get the amount of oxygen they need—-> the heart must work harder to supply the body with oxygen.
- This increases the risk of heart disease and stroke.
22
Q
What is malnutrition?
A
- malnutrition, is the incorrect amount of food.
23
Q
Describe the long-term affects of drinking alcohol
A
- long-term:
- Damage to the liver (cirrhosis), heart and other organs
- Heart problems
- Unconsciousness and even death
24
Q
How can alcoholics develop liver cirrhosis ? 🍺
A
- since the liver is responsible for breaking down alcohol, if the liver constantly has to detoxify alcohol it can be damaged.
25
Other causing liver cirrhosis, what else can alcohol damage ?
- Alcoholics can develop liver cancer, which has a tendency to spread to the rest of the body very quickly.
- meaning alcoholics can also suffer brain damage, as the brain becomes soft and pulpy.
26
How else can having a poor diet, lead to health problems?
- iron deficiency- not eating enough foods containing iron, can cause iron deficiency. Since iron helps to build haemoglobin [which carries oxygen], iron deficiency can lead to fatigue and shortness of breath due to the lack of oxygen.
27
How else can having a poor diet, lead to health problems?
- protein- energy malnutrition- [e.g- kwashiorkor]. kwashiorkor is a protein deficiency, leading to water imbalance in the body, meaning water moves via osmosis, which causes swelling.
