part 2: dealing with disease Flashcards
(33 cards)
1
Q
old treatments
A
- doctors reluctant to accept galen was wrong so continued to use bloodletting and purging e.g
- still focused on reading books than treating patients
- herbs still main ingredient in most drugs
2
Q
types of treaters
A
- doctors still very expensive
- most used apothecaries or barber surgeons
3
Q
lady of the manor
A
- role in healing
- combined role of running house with growing herbs for cures
4
Q
quack doctors
A
- unqualified, claimed to sell miracle cures
- sold potions that supposedly contained mysterious ingredients like unicorn horn
- remedies did nothing to help, could be worse
- people took advantage and sold quack cures living in a time when no one knew what caused or cured illness
5
Q
apothecaries
A
- similar to modern chemist
- sell remedies and medicine to surgeons and public
- medicine based on herbal remedies
6
Q
great plague
A
- plague returned to england in 1665
- became known as great plague
- killed 100,000 people in london
- wealthy people started to leave london
- risked spreading disease across country
- mayor stayed in london to help coordinate response
7
Q
cause of spread of plague
A
- poor sanitation which led to sewage and waste being discarded in the streets and river
- resulted in a significant increase in population of black rats which carried bubonic plague bacteria
8
Q
government action
A
- more organised and coordinated in comparison to black death
- gov introduced a quarantine for all ships coming into london
- if a household contained someone infected, people locked inside for 40 days and red cross painted on the door
- searchers employed to walk streets, enter plague houses and identify cause of death
- public entertainment stopped
- pigs and other animals not to be kept in city
- all cats and dogs to be killed, believed they spread plague
- fires lit to mask bad air, believed miasma caused it
9
Q
beliefs about causes, why, actual
A
- germ theory still not discovered
- miasma
- four humours
- god
- meant limit to effectiveness of cures and actions to try and limit spread of plague
- actually caused by fleas on rats feeding on humans and transferring infection
10
Q
cures
A
- similar to those used in black death
- bloodletting and purging, showed four humours still believed to cause disease
11
Q
plague doctors
A
- wore outfits to protect them from coming into contact with victims
- wore leather cloaks and masks containing herbs to avoid smelling streets
- also wore gloves and hats so none of skin exposed to the air
12
Q
impact of plague
A
- killed 100,000 people in london
- less deaths than black death
- due to a more organised gov response
- no more significant plague outbreaks since partly due to rebuilding of london after fire meaning no open sewers, buildings more spread out
13
Q
watchers
A
stood outside of infected houses day and night to ensure nobody entered or left
14
Q
examiners
A
knocked on doors to find out if people were sick, told a constable if they found anyone and house was shut
15
Q
rakers
A
took away filth and sweepings on streets
16
Q
symptoms
A
- buboes
- fever
- chill
17
Q
social / economic impact of plague
A
- led to labour shortages
- increased wages for surviving workers
- caused widespread fear and social upheaval with people fleeing cities
18
Q
religious impact
A
- fasting, prayer, processions
- believed it was a divine punishment from god
19
Q
hospitals
A
- increasing number in 17th and 18th centuries
- monasteries closed down so towns needed to open hospitals to take their place
- received money from wealthy donors or royal endowments so they could provide care for people who couldn’t afford a physician
- some had a specialist focus
- still chose who to let in
20
Q
treatments in hospitals and specialist hospitals
A
- usually based on four humours so bloodletting and purging
- thomas coram set up foundling hospital for sick children
- between 1720 and 1750, 14 new hospitals built with 5 in london
- st luke’s specialised in mentally ill
- maternity wards opened in 1747 in middlesex
21
Q
florence nightingale
A
- developed nursing into a profession
- improved sanitary conditions
- good food, ventilation, clean, safe
- sheets, blankets laundered each day
- reduced mortality rates by 2/3 in crimean war
- founded nightingale school for nurses
- cut mortality in uk hospitals from 40% to 2%
- published book notes on nursing explaining method emphasising need for hygiene and professionalism
22
Q
physicians
A
- doctors who had trained at university
- considered to offer best medical care
- based on work of galen
- expensive therefore tended to treat the rich
23
Q
improvements to training and knowledge
A
- explorations abroad brought back new ingredients and drugs
- dissections became a key part of medical training in 1700s
24
Q
john hunter
A
- born in scotland in 1728
- moved to london and trained as a surgeon at st bartholomew’s hospital
- showed talent for precise dissection and anatomical research
- served as army surgeon from 1760
- robbed graves at night to supply bodies for his brothers anatomy school
- appointed surgeon to king george III in 1776
- used most of money for research and specimen collection
- died in debt and poverty in 1793
25
teaching john hunter
- trained hundreds of other surgeons and set up large practice
- trained in scientific approach
- trained edward jenner
26
scientific method john hunter
- early promoter of careful observation
- wanted to prove gonorrhoea and syphilis were two different infections
- injected himself with pus from gonorrhoea patient
- unknowingly had syphilis too
- took him 3 years to recover using mercury
27
hunter anatomy
- encouraged other doctors to learn and study anatomy of humans and animals to increase understanding
28
hunter army
- disproved idea that a gunshot injury poisoned area around the wound which led to unnecessary treatments
- army work and observations lead him to argue amputations should only be carried out as a last resort
- man brought into hospital with throbbing lump on knee joint
- instead of amputating he cut into leg and tied off blood flow, 6 weeks later man walked out of hospital
29
significance of hunter
- held high-profile positions
- surgeon to George III and surgeon general to army
- responsible for training of other doctors
- including jenner who went on to discover smallpox vaccine
- encouraged scientific methods
- wrote several books incl the nautral history of the human teeth
30
status of surgeons
- middle ages two types, professional highly-trained surgeons and unqualified barber surgeons
- weren't respected compared to doctors
- surgeons began to gain same status as doctors in 17 and 1800s
- seen as more professional and complex especially with improved understanding of anatomy
- 1800 london college of surgeons created which set training standards for the first time
31
changes to training of surgeons
- were trained through apprenticeships
- lacked formal education
- now more structured training
- surgical manuals published, improving knowledge
32
changes to training of physicians
- training largely theoretical and based on galen's works
- trained at university but learnt from books, minimal practical experience
- still trained at uni but more practical observation
33
impact of gov action
- developed public health as even though some methods (such as banishing beggars) did not help, it was one of the first times the government seized control and implemented measures to improve public health
