Part 2: RNA Viruses Flashcards by hibernating penguin

This virus include 29 spherical, enveloped RNA viruses that have T-shaped glycoprotein spikes, irregular shaped capsid containing two segment, single stranded RNA genome

Arenavirus

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Arenavirus usually infects

Rodents (Bats)

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MOT of arena virus: Human transmission

Inhalation of aerosols of infected rodent excrement (ie. urine, saliva, feces, nasal secretions) or direct contact with infected rodents

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Arenaviruses capable of causing disease in humans

Lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) and Lassa Fever virus

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Arenavirus that has been identified in cases of aseptic meningitis in Europe and the Americas.

LCMV

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Arenavirus that has been associated with influenza-like disease to hemorrhagic fever, shock, and death

Lassa Fever virus

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This virus is an RNA virus consisting of three single-stranded RNA segments enclosed in a helical nucleocapsid that is surrounded by a lipid envelope.

Bunyavirus

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MOT of Bunyavirus

Rodent-borne and transmitted through exposure (inhalation) to aerosolized rodent excreta

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The disease associated with Bunyavirus

Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome (HPS)

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New virus (bunyavirus) is called?
but later changed into

Muerto Canyon virus changed to Sin Nombre (no name) virus

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Primary host of Sin Nomber Virus

Deer Mouse (Peromyscus maniculatus)

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This hantavirus is carried by the rice rat (Oryzomys palustris), was first discovered in a male from the state of Louisiana.

Bayou virus

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The carrier of of Black Creek Canal virus

Cotton rat (Sigmodon hispidus)

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The carrier implicated in a case of a hantavirus infection called the New York-1 virus.

White-footed mouse (Peromyscus leucopus)

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Lab diagnosis of Hantavirus relies on

Hantavirus-specific IgM or IgG antibody

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Small (30-38 nm), rounded, nonenveloped, single-stranded, positive RNA viruses that cause acute gastro- enteritis in humans

Calicivirus

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The virus causes respiratory disease in cats, a vesicular disease in swine, and a hemorrhagic disease in rabbits.

Calicivirus

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MOT of Calicivirus

Fecal-oral

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Members of Human Calicivirus that primary causes viral gastroenteritis

Norovirus and Sapovirus

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Most widely used identification of Norovirus

RT-PCR

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Pleomorphic, roughly spherical, medium- sized, enveloped RNA viruses, helical capsid with crownlike surface projections

Coronavirus

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MOT of Coronavirus

Unknown, probably direct contact or aerosol

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Disease associated with Coronavirus

Common cold; possibly gastroenteritis, especially in children; SARS

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Useful in confirmatory testing with antigen- or nucleic acid-based methods

Modified cell cultures

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Considered the most pathogenic of the hemorrhagic fever viruses.

Filoviridae family

The term filo means (referring to the virus’s long, filamentous structural morphology)

Threadlike

Pleomorphic, enveloped, nonsegmented, single-stranded, negative sense RNA viruses. Filamentous morphology appears number 6, U or circular in EM

Filoviruses

This filovirus displays the characteristic “shepherd’s hook” morphology.

Marburg hemorrhagic fever virus

The term used to describe a severe multisystem syndrome in which multiple organ systems are affected throughout the body.

Viral hemorrhagic fever

MOT of Filovirus

Human-to-human transmission via body fluids and respiratory droplets

Disease associated with Filovirus

Severe hemorrhage and liver necrosis; mortality as high as 90%

The first filovirus was detected in Marburg, Germany after handling an imported

African Green Monkey (Tissue)

The other filovirus that was named after a rive in Zaire (Republic of Congo)

Ebola Virus

For diagnosis of Filovirus, we must use

Electron microscopy, cell culture in monkey kidney cells; Biosafety Level 4 required

Single-stranded ribonucleic acid (RNA) genome surrounded by spherical and icosahedral capsid with envelope. Derived from the Latin word "yellow"

Flavivirus

MOT of Arboviruses under Flavivirus (Ie. Yellow fever, dengue, West Nile, Japanese and St. Louis encephalitis)

Arthropod vector, usually mosquito

This Arbovirus (flavivirus) primarily infects liver cells, resulting in fever, jaundice, and hemorrhage

Yellow fever virus

This Arbovirus (flavivirus) is associated with outbreak in Brazil led to reports of Guillain-Barre syndrome and pregnant women giving birth to babies with birth defects and poor pregnancy outcomes.

Zika virus

The most prevalent arbovirus (flavivirus) in the world; more than 100 million people are infected annually. It is the leading cause of illness and death in the tropics and subtropics.

Dengue virus

T/F: There is no dengue vaccine available

True *accd. to Bailey's

This flavivirus is maintained in a bird-mosquito cycle. Birds are the natural reservoir for the virus.

West Nile Virus

T/F: West Nile virus also has been transmitted person to person through blood transfusions, tissue transplantation, and via human breast milk

True

The flavivirus that causes hepatitis (inflammation of the liver)

Hepatitis C virus

Previously classified in the family of caliciviruses, small, nonenveloped virus with a single-stranded RNA genome

Hepevirus

MOT of Hepatitis E (Hepevirus)

Fecal-oral

T/F: HEV was discovered in Asia by a Russian virologist who volunteered to drink stool filtrates from a patient with an unidentified form of hepatitis. The virus is waterborne.

True

With HEV infections, this demonstrates increased levels

Serum bilirubin, Aspartate aminotransferase (AST), Alanine aminotransferase (ALT), IgM and IgG antibodies

Method recommended to confirm positive serology results in areas where HEV is not endemic.

Nucleic acid testing

Segmented (eight separate molecules), single-stranded, ribonucleic acid (RNA) genome; helical capsid with envelope

Orthomyxovirus

Influenza virus A, influenza virus B, and influenza virus C can be distinguished based on the antigenic differences in

Matrix protein (M) and the nucleoprotein (NP)

Influenza A is subdivided based on what major surface glycoproteins?

Hemagglutinin (HA) and Neuraminidase (NA)

Glycoprotein that has rod-shaped spikes that enable viral attachment to sialic acid–containing cellular receptors that can initiate infection

HA Protein

Glycoprotein that has mushroom-shaped spikes. They facilitate the release of mature virions from infected cells and assist in viral movement through mucus to adjacent cells.

NA Protein

The influenza virus naturally infects many bird species, swine, seals, felines, and horses

Influenza A

MOT of Influenza A

Contact with respiratory secretions

It is a continuous, gradual form of change in the viral genome during replication. Occurs in all viral influenza types

Antigenic Drift

It is a more dramatic change in the viral genome and only occurs with influenza A viruses, causes periodic worldwide outbreaks

Antigenic Shift

Similar to "mild" influenza

Influenza B

The mild form of influenza causing URTIs

Influenza C

Strain of Influenza referred to as the bird flu/avian virus

H5N1 influenza virus

T/F: Bacterial coinfections are common with influenza, possibly because of viral NA-induced changes in the respiratory epithelium that allow increased bacterial adherence or decreased mucociliary clearance. (ie. MRSA)

True

Samples for influenza may be stored in?

4°C for up to 5 day

Do not have a segmented genome, as do the orthomyxoviruses, and therefore do not undergo antigenic shift. they are spherical, enveloped RNA virus

Paramyxovirus

The most common cause of croup

Parainfluenza 1

MOT of Paramyxovirus

inoculation of mucous membranes of the respiratory tract with infectious secretions transmitted on fomites or as large, droplet aerosols.

It is an acute, self-limiting disease characterized by parotitis (inflamed salivary gland) accompanied by a high temperature (fever) and fatigue.

Mumps

MOT of Mumps virus

Person-to-person contact, presumably respiratory droplets

One of six classic childhood diseases capable of causing a rash or skin eruption (exanthem)

Measles

MOT of measles virus

Contact with respiratory secretions; extremely contagious

The hallmark rash of measles infection characterized by bluish white spots with red halo located on the buccal or labial mucosa is referred to as

Koplik spots

Is a newly discovered virus closely related to RSV. Associated with winter epidemics

Metapneumovirus

MOT of Metapneumovirus

Person to person

Is a recently discovered paramyxovirus capable of causing respiratory disease in pigs and acute, febrile encephalitis in humans.

Nipah virus

Small, nonenveloped, single-stranded RNA virus. Simplest among the RNA virus and has limited surface elaboration

Picornavirus

Picornvirus that are responsible for a variety of diseases and conditions, including aseptic meningitis, paralytic poliomyelitis, and encephalitis, in addition to respiratory illness, myocarditis, and pericarditis.

Enterovirus

MOT of Picorvirus

Fecal-oral

Virus associated with an acute, flaccid (relaxed, “rag doll”) paralysis that affected their ability to breathe.

Polio enterovirus

This drug commonly was administered as a sugar cube coated with the vaccine

Sabin oral live attenuated vaccine

Enterovirus diagnosis is confirmed using

Panenterovirus IFA

The cause of the common cold. Its name re- flects the fact that the primary infection and replication site is the epithelial cells in the nose.

Rhinovirus

Another member of the picornaviruses, causes an infectious nonchronic hepatitis.

Hepatitis A virus

Hepa A virus is usually transmitted thru

Contaminated food or water or household contact with an infected person. Sharing of contaminated needle

First isolated from respiratory and enteric specimens. Segmented, double-stranded, ribonucleic acid (RNA) genome; icosahedral capsid with no envelope

Reovirus

MOT of Reovirus

Fecal-oral; survives well on inanimate objects

Common human pathogens of this Reovirus family include

Rotavirus and the agent of Colorado tick fever

Reovirus that is recognized as the major causative agent of infantile severe gastroenteritis throughout the world. Worldwide

Rotavirus

Constitutes a large group of viruses that primarily infect vertebrates. Virus that has single-stranded, ribonucleic acid (RNA) genome; icosahedral capsid with envelope; reverse transcriptase converts genomic RNA into deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)

Retrovirus

Site of Latency for HIV 1 and HIV 2

CD4 T Lymphocytes

MOT of HIVs

Sexual contact, blood exposure, perinatal exposure

Virus that infects plants, arthropods, fish, and mammals. Has single-stranded, ribonucleic acid (RNA) genome; helical capsid with envelope, bullet-shaped

Rhabdovirus

MOT of Rhabdovirus (Rabies)

Bite of rabid animal

The Family of virus which Includes rubella virus and the alpha viruses, a large group of mosquito- borne arboviruses. Single-stranded ribonucleic acid (RNA) genome and icosahedral capsid with envelope

Togavirus

MOT of Togavirus

Direct contact with nasopharyngeal secretions or by congenital transmission

“German measles,” is usually a benign disease characterized by fever and rash caused by?

Rubella virus

Causes Eastern, Western, and Venezuelan equine encephalitis

Alphavirus

MOT of Alphavirus

Arthropod vector (Mosquito)

A potential agents of hepatitis, transfusion-transmitted virus (TTV), and hepatitis G virus (HGV).

Astrovirus

Part 2: RNA Viruses Flashcards

(97 cards)