Part 2:Yu

Question 1

occurs when lexical items from one language are incorporated into another

Answer 1

Insertion

Question 2

occurs when structures of two languages are alternated indistinctively both at the grammatical and lexical level

Answer 2

Alternation

Question 3

refers to the situation where two languages share grammatical structures which can be filled lexically with elements from either language

Answer 3

Congruaent lexicalization

Question 4

is essentially a language variety or dialect used in communication.

Answer 4

code

Question 5

t is the process of shifting from one linguistic code (a language or dialect) to another, depending on the social context or conversational setting.

Answer 5

Code switching

Question 6

People switch languages to include or exclude other people from the conversation.

Answer 6

Directive function

Question 7

People include the embedded language in order to express some part of their identity.

Answer 7

Expressive function

Question 8

Someone is unable to express an idea easily in one language and switches to other languages in order to express it more easily.

Answer 8

Referential function

Question 9

Sometimes a speaker switches languages or repeat something in both languages in order to emphasize it.

Answer 9

Phatic function

Question 10

Reporting something in the other language, or commenting on something said in the other language.

Answer 10

Metalinguistic function

Question 11

The speaker says certain words or makes jokes in the embedded language for amusement or humor.

Answer 11

Poetic function

Question 12

refers to groups of languages that share a common ancestral language. These languages are considered related because they have evolved over time from a single, ancient source. Language families are a fundamental concept in historical linguistics, allowing linguists to trace the historical development and relationships between languages.

Answer 12

Language families

Question 13

Language isolates are languages that stand alone, with no known linguistic relatives or connections to other languages
These languages exist in isolation, without any apparent historical or genetic links to other languages in their region or beyond.

Answer 13

Language Isolates

Question 14

n the study of Native American languages, linguist Edward Sapir in the 1920s tried to make things simpler by grouping them into six major language groups. This idea aimed to make research easier but also raised questions about preserving each language’s uniqueness and cultural importance.

Answer 14

New world simplication

Question 15

macrofamily in linguistics is like a super-extended family of languages, suggesting that various language families could have a very distant common ancestor

Answer 15

Nostratic And macrofamily

Question 16

is code-switching in which switches occur within a clause or sentence boundary. Switching language in one sentence

Answer 16

Intra-sentenial

Question 17

is code switching with sentence tags that they precede or follow a sentence

Answer 17

emblematic

Question 18

It is the embedding of language of various linguistic units such as affixes (bound morphemes), words (free morphemes), phrases and clauses from a co-operative activity where the participants, in order to infer what is intended, must reconcile what they hear with what they understand.

Answer 18

Code mixing

Question 19

members of the group with most social status, for example tend to introduce changes into a speech community from neighboring communities which have greater status prestige in their eyes.

Answer 19

Social Status

Question 20

differences in women’s and men’s speech are a source of variation which can result in linguistic change.

Answer 20

Gender

Question 21

Interaction and contact between people is crucial in providing the channels for linguistic change [social networks].

Answer 21

Interaction

Question 22

Some researcher belief that media has a great influence on people’s speech patterns and new forms.

Answer 22

Media

Question 23

are referred to the causes from the nature language itself while the external reasons are reffered to the situations found in the society using the language that trigger the change.

Answer 23

The internal reasons

Question 24

is the influence of a sound on a neighboring sound so that the two become similar or the same

Answer 24

Assimilation

Question 25

works the other way around; one of two identical or very similar neighboring sounds of a word is changed or omitted.

Answer 25

Dissimilation

Question 26

The transposition of sounds, letters and syllables in a word.

Answer 26

Metathesis

Question 27

Much more common than orthographic borrowings are lexical borrowing, known as Loanwords

Answer 27

Loanwords and Borrowing

Question 28

a new word, usage or expressions; the coining or use of new words

Answer 28

Neologism

Question 29

a way of extending the literal meaning of a word, phrase or a expression to; something different from what it originally means.

Answer 29

Semantic Extensions

Question 30

refers to how languages arrange words in a sentence to convey meaning.- Languages with different word orders can express the same ideas but in different ways.

Answer 30

Word order

Question 31

involve adding prefixes, suffixes, or other markers to words to indicate their grammatical roles and meanings.-Languages that heavily rely on inflections often have fewer fixed rules for word order.

Answer 31

Inflections

Question 32

are a type of language that express various grammatical meanings by adding separate morphemes, such as prefixes or suffixes, to a base or root word. Each morpheme in an agglutinative language typically represents a single grammatical meaning, and these morphemes are added one after another in a linear fashion."

Answer 32

Agglutinative languages

Question 33

an involve the replacement of one speech sound (or, more generally, one phonetic feature value) by a different one (called phonetic change) or more general change to the speech sounds that exist (phonological change), such as merger of two sounds are the creation of a new sound. Sound changes occur in languages due to a combination of phonetic, phonological, historical, social, and psychological factors.

Answer 33

Sound change

Question 34

is a type of aphaeresis or apheresis, a noun describing the loss of a sound or syllable from the beginning of a word; the opposite of aphesis is prothesis.

Answer 34

aphesis

Question 35

refers to the omission or loss of one or more sounds or syllables from the end of a word

Answer 35

apocope

Question 36

refers to the specific sounds or phonetic features that surround a particular sound or phoneme within a word or utterance

Answer 36

Phonetic environment

Question 37

- refers to a type of language change where speakers adjust words or forms in a language to make them more consistent with other similar words or forms.

Answer 37

Analogical change

Question 38

- Spanish, lipreading, and fingerspelling of the Spanish word

Answer 38

Home sign

Question 39

his pertains to the vast variety of language in different settings of saying the same thing. As great as diversity in this field is as speakers may vary in pronunciation, word choice, or morphology, boundaries are still to be made for linguistics in variation does not regard identical to language ungrammaticality.

Answer 39

Language variation

Question 40

Language in contact signifies the circumstance of two people interacting with each other with two or more language varieties thus, influencing each other. This commonly occurs in language borrowing and convergence, and relexification.

Answer 40

Language in contact