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Pharmaceutics II Exam 1 > Part 3 > Flashcards

Part 3 Flashcards

(96 cards)

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1
Q

what is the purpose of a clarifying agent

A

used as a FILTERING AID because of its adsorbent qualities

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2
Q

give example(s) of clarifying agents

A

bentonite
talc

talc is used in baby powder as an adsorbent to adsorb the excess oil from our body

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3
Q

give a scenario in which a clarifying agent would be added (to a pharmaceutical preparation)

A

in a hydroalcoholic solution such as elixir, a lot of oil will not dissolve and we need to remove it.

we can’t filter the preparation because then the API would be removed, so a clarifying agent is added

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4
Q

true or false

elixirs must be completely clear

A

true. it is a solution

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5
Q

why is an emulsifying agent used?

A

to promote and maintain the dispersion of fine droplets of a liquid in a vehicle in which it is IMMISCIBLE

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6
Q

give 6 examples of emulsifying agents

A

acacia
cetomacrogol
cetyl alcohol
glyceryl monostereate
sorbitan monooleate
polyoxyethylene 50 stearate

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7
Q

the higher the surface area, the _____ the energy

A

higher

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8
Q

what is the end product after using an emulsifying agent

A

either a liquid emulsion or a semisolid emulsion

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9
Q

a cream is what kind of emulsion?

A

semisolid emulsion

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10
Q

Emulsifying agents help the droplets to _________

A

retain energy

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11
Q

encapsulating agents are used to do what?

A

to form thin shells to enclose a drug substance/formulation for easy administration

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12
Q

give example(s) of encapsulating agents

A

gelatin and CAP (cellulose acetate phthalate)

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13
Q

explain how gelatin works and what it is used as

A

used as an encapsulating agent. gelatin is hard and will not dissolve in cold water – only hot

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14
Q

explain CAP and what it is used for

A

cellulose acetate phthalate – used as an encapsulating agent.
it is often used in enteric coating

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15
Q

which are easier to swallow – tablets or capsules

A

capsules due to the coating (encapsulating agent)

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16
Q

a flavorant is used to….

A

impart a pleasant flavor (and often odor) to a pharmaceutical preparation

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17
Q

true or false

only natural flavorants exist

A

FALSE – both natural and synthetic exist

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18
Q

give 7 examples of flavorants

A

anise oil
cinnamon oil
cocoa
menthol
orange oil
peppermint oil
vanilla

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19
Q

of the 7 flavorants mentioned, which has a cooling effect?

A

menthol. has both flavor and cooling effect.

chewable and fast dissolving tablets often contain menthol

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20
Q

what is the function of a humectant

A

to prevent preparations from drying — particularly ointments and creams. humectants RETAIN MOISTURE

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21
Q

ointments and creams are ___ dosage forms

A

local

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22
Q

name 3 humectants

A

glycerin, PPG (propylene glycol), and sorbitol

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23
Q

of the 3 humectants mentioned, which is used most frequently?

A

glycerin

also used as a cosolvent in the solution dosage form

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24
Q

why is a levigating agent used?

A

as an intervening agent to reduce the particle size of a drug powder by grinding together (usually with a mortar and pestle)

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25
true or false a levigating agent is a liquid
TRUE
26
give 3 examples of levigating agents
glycerin PPg (propylene glycol) mineral oil
27
is glycerin water soluble?
yes
28
how do you determine which levigating agent to use?
it has to have the opposite properties of your product for instance, for a water insoluble drug use glycerin (its water soluble) but for a water soluble drug use mineral oil (its water insoluble)
29
what is the difference between a levigating agent and a cosolvent?
a levigating agent SHOULD NOT dissolve the drug while a cosolvent should
30
levigation is a method to..
reduce particle size
31
give the definition of an ointment base
a semi-solid vehicle into which drug substances are incorporated in preparing medicated ointments
32
give 8 examples of ointment bases
lanolin petrolatum hydrophilic ointment hydrophilic petrolatum polyethylene glycol ointment white ointment yellow ointment rose water ointment
33
of the 8 ointment bases mentioned, which 2 are for protection purposes?
lanolin and petrolatum
34
true or false hydrophilic ointment and hydrophilic petrolatum are the same
false
35
why are plasticizers used?
enhances the spreading of film coating solution over tablets, beads, and granules
36
give 2 examples of plasticizers
DEP (diethyl phthalate) glycerin
37
define a solvent
an agent used to dissolve another pharmaceutic substance or a drug (in preparing solutions)
38
true or false a solvent may be aqueous or nonaqueous
true ex: nonaqueous could be oleaginous (oil based)
39
can nonaqueous solvents be injected?
yes, but only IM and SUBQ
40
is purified water pyrogen free? is it sterile?
no to both
41
is water for injection pyrogen free? is it sterile?
yes it's pyrogen free, but not sterile
42
is sterile water for injection pyrogen free? is it sterile?
pyrogen free and sterile
43
does sterile water for injection contain preservatives? what can you conclude from this?
does NOT contain preservatives, therefore it is only single dose
44
is sterile water for irrigation pyrogen free? is it sterile? does it contain preservatives? can it be injected?
pyrogen free and sterile does not contain preservatives and cannot be injected
45
is bacteriostatic water for injection pyrogen free? is it sterile? multi dose or single?
pyrogen free and sterile contains preservatives, therefore it is multidose
46
can purified water be used in oral and topical preparations?
yes
47
true or false to be injected, water does not need to be pyrogen free
false - it does
48
is sterile water for irrigation a solvent?
NO
49
what is a potential purpose of using a nonaqueous solution
a longer duration of action
50
why is a stiffening agent used?
to increase the thickness or hardness of a pharmaceutical preparation, USUALLY AN OINTMENT
51
how many carbons is "cetyl"
16
52
give 7 examples of stiffening agents
cetyl alcohol cetyl esters wax microcrystalline wax paraffin stearyl alcohol white wax yellow wax
53
stearyl has how many carbons
18
54
why is a suppository base used?
vehicle for drugs in the preparation of suppositories Needs to be hard enough so we can insert the suppository
55
give 3 examples of suppository bases
cocoa butter - natural polyethylene glycols (mixtures) PEG 3350
56
explain how PEG mixtures are used in suppository bases
mixing high MW PEG and low MW PEG to get a useful hardness
57
true or false a lot of surfactants can also be termed emulsifying agents
true
58
give the lengthened name of "surfactant"
surface active agent
59
define a surfactant
substance which absorbs to surfaces or interfaces to REDUCE SURFACE OR INTERFACIAL TENSION
60
Surfactants may be used as _____, _____, or _______
wetting agents, detergents, or emulsifying agents
61
give 6 examples of surfactants
benzalkonium chloride (also an antimicrobial preservative!) nonoxynol 10 octoxynol 9 polysorbate 80 sodium lauryl sulfate sorbitan monopalmitate
62
how can you tell if benzalkonium chloride is being used as a preservative or a surfactant?
if a preservative, it will be used in a very small quantity
63
of the 6 surfactants mentioned, which is used as a contraceptive?
octoxynol 9. inhibits the motility of sperm
64
define a suspending agent
a viscosity increasing agent used to REDUCE THE SEDIMENTATION OF DRUG PARTICLES dispersed throughout a vehicle in which they are INSOLUBLE
65
suspensions may be formulated for use in what 4 dosage forms?
orally parenteral (only subq and im) ophthalmic topically (others)
66
give 11 examples of suspending agents. which 3 are natural? for which route are they preferred?
3 natural and preferred for oral route: -kaolin -tragacanth -veegum other: agar bentonite carbomer (Carbopol) CMC (carboxymethylcellulose sodium) HEC (hydroxyethyl cellulose) HPC (hydroxypropyl cellulose) HPMC (hydroxypropyl methylcellulose) MC (methylcellulose)
67
what is carbopol?
aka carbomer. a suspending agent
68
true or false bentonite, kaolin, and tragacanth are all natural suspending agents
FALSE kaolin tragacanth veegum
69
sweetening agents are used to....
impart sweetness to a preapration
70
give 7 examples of sweetening agents
aspartame dextrose glycerin mannitol saccharin sodium sorbitol suucrose
71
of the 7 sweetening agents mentioned, which has a cooling effect? which can be used as a diluent in the tablet dosage form?
mannitol for both
72
true or false chewable tablets need sweetener
true
73
what are tablet antiadherents?
agents which prevent sticking of the tablet formulation ingredients to punches and dies in the tablet machine (during production)
74
give 2 examples of tablet antiadherents
magnesium stearate and talc
75
what are tablet binders?
they cause adhesion of the powder (excipients+API) in tablet granulations
76
if you squeeze a tablet and it crumbles easily, that means there is not enough....
BINDER
77
_____ excipients are needed to prevent damage of tablets while being shipped
tablet binders
78
what are tablet and capsule diluents?
substances that are used as FILLERS to create the desired bulk, flow, and compression characteristics in the preparation of tablets and capsules
79
what is the most popular tablet/capsule diluent
Ditab (dibasic calcium phosphate)
80
______ and ditab are not compatible. a complex will be formed
tetracycline tablets and ditab
81
name 3 major functions of tablet coating agents
1. Stability. protects against drug decomposition by atmospheric oxygen or humidity 2. Provides a desired release pattern 3. Mask the taste or odor, or for aesthetic purposes
82
name the types of tablet coating agents
sugar coating film coating enteric coating
83
__________coatings may be used to coat tablets and beads to slow the release of the drug as it passes through the GI tract
WATER INSOLUBLE
84
Give an example of a water insoluble tablet coating agent
ethylcellulose
85
Sugar coating is _______ based and results in.....
sugar coating is WATER BASED and results in a THICKENED COVERING around a formed tablet
86
Do sugar coated tablets dissolve in the stomach?
yes, they generally start to break up in the stomach
87
give 2 examples of sugar coating
liquid glucose sucrose
88
will film coating dissolve in the stomach?
YES, unless it is enteric coated
89
define a film coating
a thin cover around a formed tablet or bead
90
give 5 examples of film coating
hydroxyethyl cellulose hydroxypropyl cellulose hydroxypropyl methylcellulose methylcellulose (methocel) ethylcellulose (ethocel)
91
true or false for film coating, it dissolves regardless of pH. for enteric coating, it only dissolves in high pH
true
92
define enteric coating
will pass the stomach and break up in the intestines
93
give 2 examples of enteric coating
cellulose acetate phthalate Shellac: (35% in alcohol, pharmaceutical glaze)
94
which has a longer duration of action: -40% of the tablet dissolves and 60% remains on the surface -20% of the tablet dissolves and 80% remains on the surface
80% remains on the surface has a longer duration of action because that 80% will continually slowly release and provide longer therapeutic effect this is called a CONVENTIONAL CONTROLLED RELEASE DOSAGE FORM and is done using coating.
95
what is the downside of sugar coating? what is the solution?
it takes around 7 days to do this in the industry. a solution is to do a POLYMER COATING instead. still solves the stability and taste issues but doesnt take as long
96

Pharmaceutics II Exam 1 (9 decks)

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