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Pharmaceutics II Exam 1 > part 4 > Flashcards

part 4 Flashcards

(108 cards)

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1
Q

what is a tablet direct compression excipient? give an example

A

ditab (dibasic calcium phosphate)
used in DIRECT COMPRESSION tablet formulations. saves money

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2
Q

why is a tablet disintegrant used?

A

used in SOLID DOSAGE FORMS to promote the disruption of the solid mass into smaller particles which are MORE READILY DISSOLVED/dispersed

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3
Q

give 2 popular tablet disintegrants

A

starch and avicel (microcrystalline cellulose)

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4
Q

explain how starch works as a tablet disintegrant

A

it swells when in contact with water which causes the powder to break down and ensure dissolution

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5
Q

is avicel natural or synthetic? what is it used as?

A

synthetic tablet disintegrant

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6
Q

what are tablet/capsule glidants? give 3 examples

A

used in tablet and capsule formulations to improve the FLOW PROPERTIES of the powder mixture

colloidal silica
cornstarch
talc

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7
Q

what is a tablet lubricant used for?

give 5 examples

A

used in tablet formulations to reduce FRICTION DURING TABLET COMPRESSION

calcium stearate
magnesium stearate
mineral oil
stearic acid
zinc stearate

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8
Q

without a tablet lubricant, what would happen?

A

the surface of the tablet would not be smooth

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9
Q

what are tablet/capsule opaquants used for? give an example

A

used to render a capsule or tablet coating opaque

titanium dioxide (ingredient in susnscreen_

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10
Q

tablet/capsule opaquant may be used alone or in combination with ______

A

colorant

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11
Q

how does being opaque help the tablet?

A

it blocks the light which aids in stability

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12
Q

what is the function of a tablet polishing agent?
give 2 examples

A

used to impart an attractive sheen to coated tablets

carnauba wax and white wax

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13
Q

what is the function of a tonicity agent?

A

to render a solution similar in OSMOTIC CHARACTERISTICS to physiological fluids.

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14
Q

name 3 types of preparations in which tonicity is a consideration

A

ophthalmic
parenteral
irrigation fluids

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15
Q

give 2 examples of tonicity agents

A

sodium chloride
dextrose

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16
Q

explain the difference between sodium chloride and dextrose as tonicity agents

A

osmotic pressure is related to the NUMBER OF PARTICLES.

sodium chloride produces 2 particles upon dissociation while dextrose only produces 1. therefore, 1 mol dextrose = 0.5mol NaCl.

NaCl is thus preferred because less of it is needed to accomplish the same function, but sometimes dextrose is needed in some patients for nutritional value

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17
Q

a hypotonic solution will cause a cell to….

A

burst (lyse)

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18
Q

what is the depressing freezing temp

A

0.52

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19
Q

define a vehicle

A

a carrying agent for a drug substance

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20
Q

true or false

vehicles are only used for oral preparations

A

false – oil and parenteral

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21
Q

generally, oral liquids are aqueous preparations (___________) or hydroalcoholic (__________)

A

syrups
elixirs

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22
Q

parenteral solutions for intravenous use are ______ whereas intramuscular injections are ______

A

IV = aqueous

IM may be aqueous OR oleaginous

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23
Q

how many different kinds of vehicles are there?
name them

A

3:

-flavored/sweetened
-oleaginous
-sterile

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24
Q

give 6 examples of flavored/sweetened vehicles

A

acacia syrup
aromatic syrup
aromatic elixir
cherry syrup
cocoa syrup
syrup

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25
give 4 examples of oleaginous vehicles
corn oil mineral oil peanut oil sesame oil
26
give 2 examples of sterile vehicles
bacteriostatic water for injection bacteriostatic sodium chloride for injection
27
which is preferred -- sterile water for injection or bacteriostatic water for injection?
sterile water for injection because it does not contain preservatives
28
a viscosity increasing agent is used to.....
change the consistency of a preparation to render it MORE RESITANT TO FLOW
29
name 3 dosage forms in which viscosity increasing agents are used
suspensions to slow sedimentation ophthalmic solutions to enhance contact time (methylcellulose) to thicken topical creams
30
name 4 factors to consider under "appearance and pallatability"
flavoring pharmaceuticals sweetening pharmaceuticals coloring pharmaceuticals preservatives
31
true or false preservatives kill microorganisms
FALSE -- they inhibit their growth
32
true or false sterilization kills microorganisms
true
33
What is the ideal solubility of the preservative selected?
it should be soluble enough in water to have adequate concentrations in the aqueous phase. An emulsion is oil and water. The preservative has to dissolve in both phases
34
when selecting a preservative, the preservative must prevent....
the growth of the type of microorganisms considered the MOST LIKELY CONTAMINANTS of the preparation
35
what can you say about the ideal dissociation of the preservative selected
the proportion of the preservative remaining undisociated at the pH of the preparation makes it capable of -penetrating the microorganism -destroy its integrity
36
what are the main 3 requirements for the concentration of the preservative selected?
it must be nonirritating, nonsensitizing, and nontoxic to the patient
37
what are the % preservative limits for: 1. Oral 2. Parenteral
~1% for oral ~0.1% for parenteral
38
the preservative selected must have adequate stability. explain thus further
it cannot be reduced in concentration by chemical decomposition or volatilization during the preparation's shelf life
39
true or false the preservative must be completely compatible with all other formulative ingredients and does not interfere with them, NOR do they interfere with the preservative's effectiveness
true
40
true or false it is not a requirement that the preservative selected does not adversely affect the preparation's container/closure
false-- it is a requirement
41
for oral preparations, do we prefer to use alcohol or preservatives?
alcohol
42
define: 1. Suspensions 2. Emulsions 3. Foams
suspensions: dispersion of solid in liquid emulsions: dispersion of liquid in liquid foams: dispersion of gas in liquid
43
name some heterogeneous dosage forms what does this mean?
suspensions. emulsions, and foams they have 2 phases
44
what does "interface" mean
when phases exist together, the "interface" is the boundary between the 2 phases
45
what is the term for the fact that the interface are different from those in the bulk of each phase?
interfacial phase (it's its own phase)
46
an emulsion is what kind of interface?
liquid-liquid interface YLL
47
a suspension is what kind of interface?
liquid-solid interface YLS
48
can solid-solid have interfacial tension?
YES ex: powder API forming an interface with the powder excipients Yss
49
can gas-gas form an interface?
NO
50
explain gas-liquid interface
gas-liquid YLV a liquid surface where the body of water is exposed to the atmosphere (ex: a lake)
51
is gas-solid interface possible?
yes Ysv like gas hovering over a table top
52
autoclaving is an example of....
sterilization
53
name 6 methods of preservatives to inhibit the growth of microorganisms (REMEMBER: NOT KILLING, INHIBITING GROWTH)
-partial lysis (modification of cell membrane permeability and leakage of cell components) -lysis and cytoplasmic leakage -irreversible clotting (coagulation) of cytoplasmic constituents (protein precipitation) -inhibition of cell metabolism by interfering with enzyme systems/inhibition of cell wall synthesis -oxidation of cell constituents -hydrolysis
54
1 of the modes of action for preservatives is the irreversible coagulation of cellular constituents. give an example of this
protein precipitation
55
name 2 ways in which preservatives can inhibit cellular metabolism
-interfering with enzyme systems -inhibition of cell wall synthesis
56
true or false only the unionized form of a preservative possesses preservative capability
true bc the ionized form cannot penetrate the cell membrane
57
alkaline preservatives are more effective at which pH conditions?
alkaline conditions because they will be unionized
58
define adhesive force and cohesive force
adhesive force = attracting force between 2 DIFFERENT molecules cohesive force = attracting force between the SAME adjacent molecules
59
differentiate between interfacial tension and surface tension. what do they have in common?
interfacial tension = force per unit length existing at the interface betwen TWO IMMISCIBLE LIQUID PHASES (no gas involved) surface tension = force per unit length existing at the interface between LIQUID-VAPOR or SOLID-VAPOR phases BOTH are temperature dependent. if the temperature changes, the value changes
60
surface tension is mainly used to refer to....
gas----liquid and gas-----solid
61
an emulsion is an example of interfacial tension or surface tension?
interfacial tension liquid----liquid
62
explain how surface/interfacial tension is temperature dependent, using water as an example
at 0 degrees celsius, the surface tension is 76.5 dynes/cm -this means it requires higher energy for the water to evaporate -at 20 degrees celsius it gets a little easier to evaporate with a surface tension of 72.8 dynes/cm -HOWEVER, at very high temperatures (75 degrees C), the tension lowers to 63.5 dynes/cm, meaning it's very easy for the water to evaporate
63
in the case of water, as temperature increases, surface/interfacial tension___________
decreases
64
true or false surface tension is a constant and only a change in temperature can change the value
TRUE
65
Which substance has a VERY HIGH interfacial tension against water? what does this mean?
mercury --- 375 dynes/cm against water this means that mercury doesn't normally have interaction with water. it needs very high energy input to interact with water
66
which will have HIGHER surface area in water -- oleic acid or mercury? why?
oleic acid will have a higher surface area than mercury in water this is bc mercury has a very high interfacial tension with water (375) and oleic acid is small (15.6) mercury will form a small droplet while oleic acid will most likely spread
67
for emulsions, what range of interfacial tension is desirable?
~10-20dynes/cm
68
what is the surface tension of water? does chlorofoam have a higher or lower surface tension as compared to water? what does this mean?
surface tension of water = 72.8dynes/cm chlorofoam has a LOWER surface tension at 27.1dynes/cm this means it is easier for chlorofoam to evaporate than water. easier to go from 1 phase to another
69
does olive oil have a high or low interfacial tension?
pretty low --- 22.9dynes/cm
70
what is the surface tension symbol
(Y) gamma
71
give the formula for surface tension
Y= fb/2L Y=surface tension fb= force required to break the film L=length of movable bar
72
in the formula for surface tension, why is the L multiplied by 2?
because the film is double sided
73
fb=....
m * g where g= 981cm/sec squared
74
what is the value of g constant
981 cm/sec squared
75
what is the formula for force
f=Y * 2L Y=surface tension
76
give the formula for work
dW= f* ds f= Y * 2L ds=change in surface area
77
surface free energy is a measure of.....
surface free energy change per unit area increase
78
what is the formula for surface area increase
dA= 2L * ds
79
give the formula for surface free energy
dW = Y * dA Y = fb * 2L dA = ds *2L
80
if the surface tension is low, it requires ____ energy to extend the surface area
LESS energy
81
when energy escapes, the surface area is ______
reduced
82
name the 2 main methods for the measurement of surface and interfacial tension. which is preferred to measure surface tension and why?
Capillary rise method and the DeNouy ring method capillary rise method is preferred to measure surface tension because it is much cheaper than the alternative HOWEVER, the capillary method can't measure interfacial tension and the DeNouy ring method can. it is MORE PRECISE
83
explain how the capillary rise method works
if the adhesive force (between the liquid molecules and the capillary wall) is greater than the cohesive force, the liquid wets and spreads over capillary wall. (rises). the surface tension can then be measured (NOT INTERFACIAL) y = 1/2 (r*h*p) *g r=radius of capillary tube h=height that the sample rises p=density g=constant (981cm/sec squared)
84
in the capillary rise method for measuring surface tension, ___ will become constant. why?
h will become constant because equivalence between adhesive and cohesive force will be reached
85
The deNouy ring method measures the force needed to....
detach a platinum-iridium ring
86
what is the formula for surface tension in the DeNouy Ring method
Y= dial reading in dynes/2 * ring circumference all * correction factor (given by the manufacturer)
87
true or false in very small particles, high energy exists
true
88
if cohesive force is ____ than adhesive force, spreading will occur and a film will be formed this exists in the case of.....
LESS oleic acid and water
89
when oleic acid is placed on water, how many forces exist? name them
3 forces-- oleic acid - oleic acid (cohesive) water - water (cohesive) oleic acid - water (adhesive)
90
will mercury spread on the surface of water?
no
91
true or false the cohesive force of mercury is very high
true -- will not spread
92
true or false the cohesive force of oleic acid is higher than the adhesive force
FALSE
93
which has lower surface tension -- mercury or oleic acid?
oleic acid
94
low concentration of surfactant will go where?
to the surface once the surface is occupied (CMC), it will go to the bulk
95
When will surfactants have NO EFFECT on reducing surface tension?
at concentrations above CMC (when they start to go to the bulk)
96
what is duplex film?
thickness higher than 100 angstroms
97
true or false duplex film is independent between the surface (oleic acid/air) and the interface (oleic acid/water)
TRUE
98
YL=...
surface tension of spreading liquid (top liquid)
99
YS=....
surface tension of sublayer liquid
100
YLS=...
interfacial tension between 2 liquids
101
Wa=....
work of adhesion YL+YS-YLS
102
Wc=....
work of cohesion 2YL
103
give the formula for spreading coefficient
S = YS-(YL+YLS)
104
many _____ substances fail to spread on water (polar or nonpolar)
nonpolar
105
what does a high S value mean? how is S measured
S= initial spreading coefficient. measured in dynes/cm high S = high spreading
106
true or false ethyl alcohol has a low S value
FALSE -- high S value due to polar functional groups
107
liquid petrolatum has a ____ S value (low or high)
LOW -- very nonpolar
108

Pharmaceutics II Exam 1 (9 decks)

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