Passive diffusion involves?
Permeability
Concentration Gradient
Ultrafiltration is bulk flow through a?
Filter (Capillary)
Ultrafiltration involves starling forces such as?
Hydrostatic Pressure
Colloid Osmotic Pressure
Hydrostatic pressure gradient favors?
Filtration
Capillary hydrostatic pressure averages?
17 mm Hg
Interstital hydrostatic pressure averages?
-3 mm Hg
Colloid Osmotic Pressure favors?
Reabsorption
Capillary COP averages?
28 mm Hg
Interstitial COP averages?
9 mm Hg
Colloid osmotic pressure is a function of the?
Protein Concentration
Plasma proteins include?
Fibrinogen
Albumin
Globulins
Calculated colloid effect is?
19 mm Hg
Actual colloid effect is?
28 mm Hg
What increases colloid osmotic effect?
Donnan Effect
Large plasma proteins carry negative charges which attract positive ions. This increases the osmotic effect by?
50%
Capillary walls can range from
Tight junctions to discontinuous
Glomerular capillaries in kidney have?
Filtration Slits (Fenestrations)
Only the protein that cannot cross capillary wall can exert?
Osmotic Pressure
What expresses how readily protein can cross capillary wall?
Reflection Coefficient
Reflection coefficient ranges between?
0 to 1
If reflection coefficient is 0, all colloid proteins freely cross wall, none are reflected therefore?
No colloid effect
If reflection coefficient is 1, all colloid proteins are reflected, none cross capillary wall, therefore?
Full Colloid Effect
What drains excess fluid from interstitial spaces?
Lymph Capillaries
No true lymphatic vessels are found where?
Superficial portions of skin
CNS
Endomysium of muscle and bones
What drains the lower body and left side of head, left arm and part of chest as well as left leg?
Thoracic Duct
What drains the right side of the head, neck, right arm and part of the chest?
Right Lymph Duct
There are not true lymphatic vessels in the?
CNS
What contains CSF and communicates with subarachnoid space?
Perivascular Spaces
Plasma filtrate and escaped substances in perivascular spaces are returned to vascular system in the CSF via?
Arachnoid Villi
Arachnoid villi empty into?
Dural Venous Sinus
CNS-modified lymphatic function acts as a?
Functional Lymphatic System in CNS
Excess plasma filtrate resembles?
Interstitial fluid from tissues it drains
There is 3-5mg/dL of protein in?
Thoracic Duct
What organ has 6 mg/dL of protein?
Liver
Liver has leaky
Capillaries
2/3 of all lymph is from?
Liver and Intestines
Any factor that increases filtration and/or decreases reabsorption will?
Increase lymph formation
Thoracic duct forms lymph at?
100 ml/hr
Right Lymph duct forms lymph at?
20 ml/hr
Total lymph flow is?
120 ml/hr
Everyday a volume of lymph roughly equal to your entire plasma volume is?
FIltered
What are the functions of lymphatic?
- Return lost protein to vascular system
- Drain excess plasma filtrate from ISF space
- Carry absorbed substance/nutrients from GI
- Filter lymph at lymph nodes
What are a meshwork of sinuses lines with tissue macrophages (phagocytosis)?
Lymph Node
What created by the interaction of blood with the vascular wall?
Arterial Blood Pressure
Arterial blood pressure equals?
Volume of blood interacting with wall
Greater than half of total peripheral resistance is at the level of
Systemic arterioles
During systole the left ventricular output is greater than?
Peripheral Run-off
The total blood will rise and cause arterial BP to?
Increase to a peak (systolic BP)
The arteries are what during this time?
Distended
When the left ventricle is filling, the arteries are now recoiling which serves to?
Maintain perfusion to tissue beds
During diastole, total blood volume in the arterial tree is decreasing which causes?
Arterial BP to fall to a minimum value (diastolic BP)
Stretch and recoil of the arterial tree that normally occurs during the cardiac cycle is called?
Hydraulic Filtering
Hydraulic filtering converts an intermittent output by the heart to a steady delivery at the tissue beds and?
Saves the heart work
At the distensibility of the arterial tree decreases with age, hydraulic filtering in reduced and work load on the heart is?
Increased
The maximum pressure in the systemic arteries is called?
Systolic BP
With systolic BP, pressure peaks as blood is ejected from the?
Left Ventricle into the aorta
Inflow volume from left ventricle typically occurs at a faster rate than peripheral run-off out of the arterial tree during systole causing?
Arterial pressure to increase
The minimum pressure in the systemic arteries is called?
Diastolic BP
How low diastolic blood pressure falls is dependent on?
- Cycle Length
2. Total Peripheral Resistance (TPR)
Cycle length is inversely proportional to?
Diastolic BP (Increase CL decreases BP)
TPR is proportional to?
Diastolic BP (Increase TPR increases BP)
During exercise diastolic BP may not change much due to?
Decreased CL which is offset by decreased TPR
The mean arterial blood pressure is not arithmetical mean between?
Systole and Diastole
Mean arterial BP is equal to?
1/3 pulse pressure + diastolic BP
Most post ganglionic SNS terminals release?
Nor-epinepherine
The predominant receptor type is?
Alpha
Alpha response is constriction of?
Smooth Muscle
Constriction of arterioles reduce blood flow and helps raise?
Arterial BP
Constriction of arteries raise?
Arterial BP
Constriction of veins increases?
Venous return
SNS causes widespread vasoconstriction causing decrease in blood flow with what 3 exceptions?
- Brain
- Lungs
- Heart
Brain and lung arterioles are weakly innervated by?
SNS
Direct vasoconstrictor effects by SNS induced increased in cardiac activity which causes?
Release of local vasodilators (Adenosine)