part 4 Flashcards
the cultural process of learning participate in group life. Without it, we would not develop many of the characteristics we associate with being human. Socialization begins at birth and continues throughout life.
socialization
Biological features are regularly suggested as sources of human behavior. Socio-biologists suggest that some human capacities may be “wired into” our biological makeup. For example, even newborn babies seem to strive for maximum social interaction.
biological context
The primary factor in the psychological context of socialization is the psychological state of the person being socialized. Knowing something about the feelings of the people involved (the psychological context) helps explain the results of the socialization process.
Emotional States and the Unconscious
A number of psychologists emphasize the series of stages through which humans progress. Although emotional concerns can be involved, these theorists focus on cognitive (intellectual) development, which occurs in a systematic, universal sequence through a series of stages. The most influential theorist of intellectual development was the Swiss psychologist, Jean Piaget
Cognitive Development Theories
Major social and historical events can be a force in socializing an entire generation. Those suffering greater deprivation depended less on formal education for their life achievements and more on effort and accomplishment outside of education.
Social and Historical Events
3 psychological context
Emotional States and the Unconscious
Cognitive Development Theories
Social and Historical Events
Your family’s social class, economic position, and ethnic background–as well as your gender–can affect the ways in which you will be socialized
Social Position as Part of the Context
Another term for socialization
enculturation
are culturally defined standards that people use to decide what is desirable, good, and beautiful and that serve as broad guidelines for social living.
values
are the rules and expectations by which a society guides the behavior of its members.
norms
refers a social position that a person holds.
status
refers to behavior expected of someone who holds a particular status.
roles
combined basic needs and the influence of society into a model of personality with three parts: Id, Ego, and Superego
sigmund freud
From his studies of human cognition, or how people think and understand. Jean Piaget (1896–1980) identified four stages of cognitive development. Stage one is the sensorimotor stage (first two years of life), Stage two is the preoperational stage (about age two to seven), Stage three is concrete operational stage (between the ages of seven and eleven). And the last stage is the formal operational stage (about age twelve)
Jean Piaget’s theory of cognitive development
the self is a part of our personality and includes self-awareness and self-image. It is the product of social experience, and is not guided by biological drives
George Herbert Mead’s theory of the social self
used the phrase looking-glass self to mean a self-image based on how we think others see us. As we interact with others, the people around us become a mirror (an object that people used to call a “looking glass”) in which we can see ourselves. What we think of ourselves, then, depends on how we think others see us.
Charles Horton Cooley’s Looking-glass Self
refers to those social, cultural, and psychological traits linked to males and females through particular social contexts
gender
makes us male or female; gender makes us masculine or feminine.
sex
7 agents of socialization
family, school, peer groups, mass media, church, government
Personality refers to individual differences in characteristic patterns of thinking, feeling and behaving. It is also the sum of behaviors, attitudes, beliefs and values. Some studies say that our personality determines how we adjust to our environment and how we react in specific situations
personal development
according to Britannica dictionary, Heredity is the sum of all biological processes by which particular characteristics are transmitted from parents to their offspring. Hereditary characteristics also include certain aptitudes.
heredity
Expert says that our personalities are also influenced by weather we have a sibling (Brothers, Sisters, both or neither). They also say that children with siblings have a different view of the world than do children without siblings
birth order
A parent is a caretaker of the offspring in their own species. In humans, a parent is of a child. Children can have one or more parents, but they must have two biological parents.
parental characteristics
Cultural environment determines the basic types of personality traits like model personalities that are typical of a member of the society, that’s why based on the research Culture has a strong influence on personality development of an individual.
cultural environment
