part 7

Question 1

heterogenous system of at least one immiscible liquid dispersed in form of small drops in another liquid

Answer 1

emulsion

Question 2

surface active agent (surfactant) which aids in formation of an emulsion and ^ stability of emulsion

Answer 2

emulsifier

Question 3

example of water in oil?

Answer 3

butter

Question 4

example of oil in water?

Answer 4

salad dressing, ice cream (also a/w)

Question 5

functions of emulsifiers?

Answer 5

1) assist the formation and stabilization of emulsions by reducing surface tension at interface 2) alter functionality of other food comps 3) reduce stickiness (pb), modify crystallization (chocolate bloom)

Question 6

a byproduct of soybean oil extraction that is a natural emulsifier

Answer 6

lecithin / phospholipids (ionic emulsifiers)

Question 7

lecithin is comprised of _____

Answer 7

phosphatidyl choline/ethanolamine/inositiol

Question 8

instead of “by product” we call it:

Answer 8

value added product

Question 9

how does ionic emulsifier work?

Answer 9

pH changes state–protonate neg charges to become neutral, counter ions

Question 10

lecithin is a value added product from:

Answer 10

eggs, canola, corn and sunflower

Question 11

what is ADI of lecithin?

Answer 11

has none, is GMP (GRAS)

Question 12

is lecithin a food additive?

Answer 12

yes, even though it’s naturally present

Question 13

a type of non-ionic emulsifier found in nature, has GRAS and no ADI, food additive, and can be produced chemically

Answer 13

mono/diacylglycerols

Question 14

how to produce mono/diacylglycerols chemicallly?

Answer 14

rxn of glycerol w/ triacylglycerols in presence of catalyst (sodium methoxide) or by enzymatic rxn of TAG with lipase

Question 15

mono is ___ hydrophilic than diacylglycerol

Answer 15

more (chain length)

Question 16

synthetic emulsifier that is produced chem. by heating sorbitol in presence of ethylene oxide and catalyst and stearic/oleic acid, amphiphilic and non-ionic

Answer 16

sorbitan fatty acid esters (polysorbates, tweens)

Question 17

use more ____ sorbitan for O/W

Answer 17

hydrophilic

Question 18

polysorbate (tween) and carboxymethylcellulose bulking/filler associated with ____

Answer 18

IBS and colitis

Question 19

surface active molecules produced by living cells (mainly microorg)

Answer 19

biosurfactants

Question 20

lipids covalently linked carbohydrates (rhamnose)

Answer 20

glycolipid surfactants

Question 21

what is risk of biosurfactants?

Answer 21

antimicrobial activity when unnecessary, develop resistance

Question 22

^ CHO means ___ hydrophilic

Answer 22

more

Question 23

lipids covalently linked to peptides, like surfactin

Answer 23

lipopeptide surfactants

Question 24

example of oligosacc/polysacc-lipd surfactant?

Answer 24

emulsan (commercially available, used in oil extraction, has adjuvant activity)

Question 25

what is adjuvant activity of emulsan?

Answer 25

^ activity of certain pharmaceuticals, reduce dental plaque formation

Question 26

approved for use as foaming agent in beverages and has GRAS status, isolated from bark of quillaja saponaria molina tree, gives things a reflective quality

Answer 26

Q-naturale, saponins