Part 8 Flashcards
1
Q
Extrinsic vs intrinsic muscles of neck function
A
Extrinsic help with swallow and positioning of the larynx, intrinsic is for phonation subtle movements
2
Q
Epiglottis definition
A
Flap of tissue in throat at base of tongue projecting out of the thyroid cartilage over the larynx above the glottis that is moved into a closed position upon elevation of the hyoid bone during swallowing to cap over the larynx and prevent aspiration ofmaterial
3
Q
Glottis definition
A
Opening between the vocal folds within the larynx
4
Q
Thyroid cartilage definition
A
Most prominent cartilage forming the anterior wall of the superior portion of the larynx below the hyoid bone connected via the thyrohyoid membrane, forms the adams apple
5
Q
Thyrohyoid membrane definition
A
Connection between the thyroid cartilage and hyoid bone
6
Q
True vocal folds
A
Bands of tissue that extend from the arytenoid cartilage to the thyroid cartilage’s posterior wall, the tighter they are stretched through the relaxation or stress of the arytenoid cartilage by the thyroarytenoid muscle the higher the pitch of sound
7
Q
Thyroarytenoid muscle function, insertion, innervation
A
Function: relax the arytenoid cartilage and therefore the true vocal folds resulting in lower pitch
Insertion: Thyroid cartilage to arytenoid cartilage of larynx
Innervation: Recurrent laryngeal branch of vagus nerve
8
Q
False vocal folds definition
A
Sit above the true vocal folds and are associated with forceful closure such as valsalva and reflex laryngeal closure due to choking or noxious stimuli
9
Q
Recurrent laryngeal branch of vagus nerve pathway
A
From the vagus nerve’s descent, the left travels under the aortic arch and back upward to supply intrinsic muscles of the larynx, right travels under the right subclavian artery back upward to supply the same
10
Q
Superior laryngeal branch of vagus nerve pathway
A
Branches off the vagus and travels deep to the internal carotid artery to then supply cricothyroid muscle and sensation to the vocal folds
11
Q
If superior laryngeal nerve is lost, this complication could occur
A
Aspiration of a foreign body without coughing it back up because no sensation
12
Q
Vagus nerve pathway
A
Provides sensory function at the external auditory canal and the hypopharynx as well as motor function of the pharynx before giving rise to the superior laryngeal branch and the recurrant laryngeal branches
13
Q
Trachealis muscle
A
Smooth muscle at the posterior border of the trachea conjoining the ends of the c shaped rings, adjusts airflow by expanding or contracting
14
Q
Aspirated objects are far more likely to end up in the…
A
Right lung
15
Q
3 constrictions in the esophageal course
A
1) cricopharyngeal sphincter which relaxes to let food down at the 6th cervical vertebrae
2) At the chrossing of the aortic arch and left main bronchus
3) The lower esophageal spincter, LES where it pierces the diaphragm
16
Q
5 phases of swallowing
A
1) buccal phase - begins in mouth and is voluntary contraction of tongue to force bolus into oropharynx
2) Uvula and larynx rise, tongue blocks off mouth, upper esophagus sphincter relaxes
3) Constrictor muscles of the pharynx contract forcing food into esophagus, upper esophageal sphincter contracts after entry
4) Food moves through esophagus to stomach by peristalsis
5) gastroesophagesal sphincter allows food to enter stomach
17
Q
Stylohyoid muscle function, insertion, innservation
A
Function: initiate swallowing by pulling the hyoid posteriorally and superiorally
Insertion: Hyoid bone to styloid process of temporal bone
Innervation: facial nerve
18
Q
Digastric muscle function, insertion, innervation
A
Function: depress mandible (open mouth) and elevate hyoid bone
Insertion: anterior inferior aspect of mandible to hyoid bone to mastoid process of temporal bone
Innervation: Anterior trigeminal nerve manidbular branch, posterior facial nerve
19
Q
Mylohyoid muscle function, insertion, innervation
A
Function:Elevate hyoid bone and form floor of mouth
Insertion: Mylohyoid line of mandible to hyoid bone
Innervation: trigeminal nerve
20
Q
Geniohyoid muscle function, insertion, innervation
A
Funciton: depress mandible and elevate hyoid bone
Insertion: medial surface of mandible to hyoid bone
Innervation: hypoglossal nerve
21
Q
Suprahyoid muscle group (4)
A
- stylohyoid
- digastric
- mylohyoid
- geniohyoid
22
Q
Infrahyoid muscle group (4)
A
- omahyoid
- sternohyoid
- sternothryoid
- thyrohyoid
23
Q
Omohyoid muscle function, insertion, innervation
A
Function:depress hhyoid bone and larynx
Insertion: scapula and clavicle to hyoid bone
Innervation: C1-3
24
Q
Sternohyoid muscle function, insertion, innervation
A
Function: depress hyoid bone and larynx
Insertion: sternum and sternoclavicular joint to hyoid bone
Innervation: C1-3
25
Sternothyroid muscle function, insertion, innervation
Function:depress thyroid cartilage
Insertion: Manubrium of sternum to thyroid cartilage
Innervation:c1-3
26
Thyrohyoid muscle function, insertion, innervation
Function: depress hyoid
Insertion: thyroid cartilage to hyoid bone
Innervation: C1
27
Sternoclydomastoid muscle function, insertion, innervation
Function: flex neck, bend head to shoulder, rotate neck
Insertion: clavicle and manubrium to mastoid process
Innervation: accessory nerve
28
Isthmus definition
tissue conjoining 2 lobes of the thyroid
29
Thyroid arterial supply
Superior and inferior thyroid artery (derived from the external carotid and thyrocervical trunk of subclavian artery, respectively)
30
Thyroid venous drainage
Superior, middle, and inferior thyroid veins
31
T4 is converted to ____ at the target tissue
T3
32
Calcitonin function
Decrease blood Ca2+ levels
33
Hypothalamic pituitary thyroid axis
- TRH from hypothalamus stimulates TSH from anteiror pit
- TSH stimulates thyroglobulin conversion via iodine presence to T3/T4 in the thyroid
- Increased thyroid hormone causes decreased TRH and TSH
34
Parathyroid gland location
Posterior aspect of thyroid gland in 2 pairs (4 total)
35
Chief cells of the parathyroid
Parathyroid gland cells that release PTH
36
PTH function
Increase blood Ca2+ levels by enhancing reabsorption in the kidney, stimulating calcitrol secretion, mobilizes Ca2+ by inhibiting osteoblasts and increasing number of osteoclasts
37
Sensory, motor, or both?
Some say money matters, some say brains. My brother says big boobs matter most.
38
Borders of the anterior triangle of the neck
Mandible, midline of anterior neck, sternocleidomastaoid
39
Borders of the posterior triangle of the neck
Sternocleidomastoid, clavicle, trapezius
40
Vomer definition
Bone that forms the septum of the skull
41
Waters view xray
x ray beam shot 30 upward from below the horiziontal toward the face to allow for a clear view of sinuses (frontal and maxillary)
42
Atlas, axis, and dens
C1 and 2 respectively, with the dens sticking up from C2 into C1, very unstable for fractures
43
Transverse foramen definition
Holes in the cervical vertebrae where the vertebral artery can travel thru
44
Vertebra prominens definiiton
C7, palpable on the skin
45
Anterior longitudinal ligament definition
Continuous band of tissue across all the vertebrae at the body that prevents hyperextension of the spine
46
Posterior longitudinal ligament definition
Continous band along all the vertebrae at the body that resists hyperflexion of the spine, relatively weak
47
Ligamentum flavum definition
Connective tissue between adjacent vertebrae at the lamina, elastic and very strong with recoil ability
48
Jefferson fracture definition
C1 burst fracture of the bony ring, visible from an odontoid view
49
Hangman's fracture definition
C2 body fracture, visible on a lateral view
50
Atlanto-occipital dislocation definition
orthopedic decapitation - ligamentous separation of the spinal column from the skull base, only thing keeping head on is treacheal tube to throat, also known as internal decapitation, do not confuse with atlanto-axial dislocation between atlas and axis
51
Clay shoveler's fracture definition
Typically occurring between C6-T1, results from combination of hyperflexion sharp movement of paraspinal muscles resulting in fragment sitting adjacent to where it should be. Visible separation on a lateral view, appears as "ghost sign" on ap view (presence of 2 spinous processes). Typically a stable fracture
52
Atlanto-axial dislocation
degenerative or traumatic in nature, can be stable or unstable, typically treated with neck brace.
53
Internal intercostals
Involved in expiration (active expiration, which doesnt typically occur), innervated by intercostal nerves
54
External intercostals
Involved in inspiration, innervated by intercostal nerves
55
4 major centers of the brainstem (medulla and pons) associated with respiration
- Inspiratory center (dorsal, medulla)
- Expiratory center (ventral, medulla)
- Pneumotaxic center (pons)
- Apneustic center
56
Carotid and aortic bodies definition
Small thickened regions in the carotid and aorta that contain peripheral chemoreceptors detecting blood CO2 levels innervated thru glossopharyngeal nerve (carotid) and vagus (aortic)
57
Epithelium lining respiratory tract
Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelial cells
58
What blocks material from the oral cavity from entering the nasopharynx?
Uvula
59
Adenoids definition
Single pharyngeal tonsil, similar to the lingual and palatine tonsils, housed in the posterior nasopharynx, present in children but shrinks by adulthood, accessory
60
Carina definition
Inferior tracheal cartilage that separates primary bronchi at their orgin and forms an internal ridge
61
Left oblique fissure definition
Divides left lung into 2 lobes
62
Right oblique fissure definition
Divides the right lung middle and lower lobes
63
Right horizontal fissure definition
Divides the right lung upper and middle lobes
64
Intra-alveolar pressure at rest
760mmHg at sea level, equal with atmospheric pressure
65
Intrapleural/intrathoracic pressure at rest
756mmHg of negative pressure to keep viceral and parietal pleura attached to each other
66
PO2 and PCO2 in a pulmonary vein or systemic artery
PO2=100mmHg
PCO2=40mmHg
67
PO2 and PCO2 in a systemic vein or pulmonary artery
PO2=40mmHg
PCO2=46mmHg
68
Tidal volume definition
Volume inspired or expired with a normal quiet breath, approx 500mL
69
Right and left common carotid arteries derived from, course, empty into
Derived from: Right from brachiocephalic trunk and left from aortic arch
Travel superiorally into the anterior triangle of the neck ending at the 4th cervical vertebra
Empty into: Internal and external carotid arteries
70
External carotid artery derived from, course, empties into
Derived from: common carotid arteries
Travels superiorally at the upper boarder of the thyroid cartilage and gives rise to superior thyroid artery, ascending pharyngeal artery, facial artery, occipital artery, posterior auricular artery, lingual artery
Empties into: superficial temporal and maxillary arteries at the parotid gland
71
Superior thyroid artery derived from and course
Derived from: 1st branch off external carotid artery
Travels inferiorally toward the upper pole of the thyroid gland
72
Ascending pharyngeal artery derived from and course
Derived from: 2nd branch off external carotid artery
Travels superior and deep on the wall of the pharynx
73
Lingual artery derived from and course
Derived from: 3rd branch of external carotid artery
Travels superiorally into the submandibular region to supply structures of the floor of the mouth and tongue with hypoglossal nerve crossing it
74
Facial artery derived from and course
Derived from: 4th branch of external carotid artery
Travels upward deep to the submandibular salivary gland to supply the face
75
Occipital artery derived from and course
Derived from: 5th branch of external carotid artery
Travels from posterior face opposite facial artery, upward reaching the back of the scalp by entering the posterior triangle of the neck
76
Posterior auricular artery derived from and course
Derived from: 6th branch of external carotid artery
Travels from the upper border of the posterior belly of digastric to enter a groove between auricle and back of scalp
77
Maxillary artery derived from and course
Derived from: terminal branch of external carotid artery
Travels from the parotid gland anteriorally
78
Superficial temporal artery derived from and course
Derived from: terminal branch of external carotid artery
Travels from parotid gland superiorally along the temporal bone
79
Inferior thyroid artery derived from and course
Derived from: thyrocervical trunk artery
Travels superiorally behind the thyroid to supply it
80
Thyroid ima artery derived from and course
Derived from: brachiocephalic trunk (right) or aortic arch (left)
Travels superioraly in front of the trachea to supply the isthmus, some have it some do not!!!
81
Acronym for branches of external carotid
sally anne likes food on philadelphias main street
82
Supratrochlear artery derived from and course
Derived from: opthalmic artery
Travels medial superiorally from the orbit over the forehead
83
Supraorbital artery derived from and course
Derived from: opthalic artery
| travels superiorally from orbit over the forehead
84
Internal carotid artery derived from, course, empties into
Derived from: common carotid artery
Travels superiorally entering the carotid canal (giving off NO branches in the neck) within the carotid sheath, gives rise to opthalmic artery near termination
Empties into: anterior cerebral artery, middle cerebral artery, and posterior communicating artery
85
Carotid sheath definiton
Bundle of nerve and vessels entering the carotid canal in the temporal bone, includes internal jugular vein, vagus nerve, and internal carotid artery
86
Vertebral artery derived from, course and empties into
Derived from: 1st branch of subclavian artery
Travels superiorally in front of the 7th cervical vertebra and into the cervical foramen at c6, travels thru foramen magnum
Empties into basilar artery
87
Basilar artery derived from, course, empties into
Derived from: Left and right vertebral arteries
Travels on the anterior surface of the pons, supplying cerebellum, internal ear
Empties into right and left posterior cerebral arteries
88
Posterior cerebral artery derived from, course
Derived from: basilar artery
Travels to supply the posterior cerebrum, giving off posterior communicating artery branches on each side
89
Opthalmic artery derived from, course, empties into
Derived from: Internal carotid artery
Travels anteriorally to supply the orbit
Empties into supraorbital and supratrochlear arteries
90
Posterior communicating arteries derived from, course, empties into
Derived from: posterior cerebral arteries
Travels to connect the internal carotid with the posterior cerebral
Empties into internal carotid artery
91
Middle cerebral artery derived from and course
Derived from: Internal carotid artery
Travels to supply the lateral cerebrum
92
Anterior cerebral artery derived from and course
Derived from: internal carotid artery
Travels to supply the anterior cerebrum, has branch of anterior communicating artery
93
Anterior communicating artery
Connects left and right anterior cerebral arteries
94
Most likely place for berry aneurysms to occur in the brain
Anterior or posterior communicating artery, bifurcation of middle cerebral artery from internal carotid
95
Choroidal artery derived from and course
Derived from: middle cerebral artery
Travels posteriorally to the inferior horn of the lateral ventricle to supply the choroid plexus
96
Posterior auricular vein course, empties into
Travels in the posterior auricular groove
empties into the external jugular vein aat the parotid gland after combining with posterior division of retromandibular gland
97
Posterior division of retromandibular vein derived from, course, empties into
Derived from: superficial temporal vein and maxillary vein
Travels inferiorally down the temporal bone in front of the ear
Empties into the external jugular vein at the parotid gland after combining with the posterior auricular vein
98
External jugular vein derived from, travels, empties into
Derived from: posterior auricular vein and posterior division of retromandibular vein
Travels from the parotid gland behind the angle of the mandible obliquely across sternocleidomstatoid into the posterior triangle
Empties into the subclavian vein
99
Supratrochlear and supraorbital veins course and empties into
Travel to the medial margin of the orbit
Empty into: the facial vein
100
Superficial temporal vein course and empties into
Travels inferiorally down the temporal area
Empties into the posterior division retromandibular vein at the parotid gland
101
Maxillary vein course and empties into
Travels inferiorally from the maxilla of the face
Empties into the posterior division of retromandibular vein at the parotid gland
102
Internal jugular vein tributaries from inferior to superior
```
Middle thyroid vein
Superior thyroid vein
Lingual vein
Facial vein
Pharyngeal vein
Inferior petrosal sinus
```
103
Internal jugular vein pneumonic
Med schools let fun people in
104
Internal jugular vein derived from, course, empties into
Derived from: sigmoid sinus
Travels thru jugular foramen descending through neck in carotid shealth, receiving 6 tributaries
Empties into brachiocephalic vein
105
Inferior thyroid veins course, empty into
Travel from isthmus of thyroid, anastamose together, descend in front of trachea
Empty into brachiocephalic veins of thorax
106
Veins of the brain lack ____. They lie in the ____
valves, subarachnoid space
107
Anterior jugular vein course and empties into
Travels down the neck close to midline, united by a jugular arch
Empties into the external jugular vein
108
PA vs AP view on x ray
PA preferred, ap reserved for pt's who cannot stand erect
109
Skeletal muscle fiber contraction mechanism
Motor neuron AP -> acetylcholine release into neuromuscular junction -> Ach binds to ligand gated ion channels -> Na+ floods into cell along T tubules -> Ca2+ entrance into the cell -> Ca2+ induced Ca2+ release -> Ca2+ binds to troponin on thin filament -> troponin moves tropomyosin out of the way -> actin freed -> myosin binds actin -> ATP binds -> ATP hydrolysis shifts myosin head into active phase -> ADP disociates and power stroke occurs
110
Cardiac conduction flow pathway, speed of each?
SA node to AV node to Bundle of His to Purkinje fibers (gets slower as we move down)
111
Bachman's bundle
Goes straight across from SA node to allow left atrium to contract at same time as right atrium, acting quicker than propogation of SA to AV node
112
Koch's triangle
Home of the AV node, located in a triangle enclosed by the septal leaflet of the tricsupid valve, the coronary sinus (drains the heart), and tendon of todaro (valve from inferior vena cava)
113
Frank Starling law
Greater stretching of the heart up to a point creates greater force of contraction
114
chronotropic vs dromotropic vs inotropic effect
heart rate vs conduction speed vs contractility
115
Branches off the aorta in the thorax
- Left and right coronary arteries
- Brachiocephalic trunk, left common carotid and left subclavian arteries
- pericardial, bronchial, esophageal, mediasteinal, posterior intercostal, subcostal, superior phrenic
116
Pericardial arteries derived from and course
Derived from: thoracic aorta
Travel posteriorally to supply the pericardium
117
Bronchial arteries derived from and course
Derived from: thoracic aorta, 2 on left 1 on right,
travel to supply the viceral pleura and bronchi of lungs
118
Esophageal arteries derived from and course
Derived from: thoracic aorta
Travel to supply the esophagus
119
Mediastinal arteries derived from and course
Derived from: thoracic aorta
Travel to supply the posterior mediastinum
120
Posterior intercostal/subcostal arteries derived from and course
Derived from: thoracic aorta
Travel posterior of aspect of rib cage between ribs and anastamose with anterior intercostal arteries
121
Superior phrenic artery derived from and course
Derived from: thoracic aorta
Travels inferiorally to supply the diaphragm
122
Internal thoracic artery/mammary artery derived from, course, and empties into
Derived from: subclavian artery
Travels to supply the anterior thoracic wall and breast, giving rise near its origin to the peridcardiophrenic artery and anterior intercostal arteries
Empties into the superior epigastric arteries
123
Pericardiophrenic artery derived from and course
Derived from: internal thoracic artery/mammary artery
Travels to supply the pericardium and diaphragm inferiorally alongside phrenic nerve
124
Anterior intercostal arteries derived from and course
Derived from: Internal thoracic/internal mammary artery
Travels to supply the anterior ribs and intercostal muscles, anastamoses with the posterior intercostal arteries
125
Superior epigastric artery derived from and course
Derived from: internal thoracic/mammary artery
Travels inferiorally on the anterior wall to supply the abdominal region
126
Importance of Left internal mammary artery
Because of its close proximity to the heart, it can easily be harvested to bypass a blocked left anterior descending coronary artery to revascularize the heart as a CABG more efficiently than great saphenous vein
127
Right coronary artery
Derived from: ascending aorta
Travels lateral and inferiorally down the right to supply the right atrium and right ventricle, gives off right marginal branch of right coronary artery and posterior descending artery
128
Right marginal branch of right coronary artery
Derived from: right coronary artery
Travels down the lateral face of the heart toward the apex
129
Posterior descending artery
Derived from: right coronary artery
Travels down the posterior ventriclular walls to meet with the anterior interventricular artery at the apex
130
Left coronary artery
Derived from: ascending aorta
Travels inferiorally and terminates into 2 branches
Empties into: left anterior descending artery and circumflex artery
131
Left anterior descending artery
Derived from: left coronary artery
Travels down the anterior ventricular walls to meet with the posterior descending artery at the apex of the heart,
132
Left coronary circumflex artery
Derived from: left coronary artery
Travels laterally around the left to the posterior side of the heart, supplying the left atrium, and left and right ventricles
133
Coarctation of aorta
Narrowing of part of the aorta (diff from valve stenosis) seen as a result of certain genetic disorders or birth defects, often see high blood pressure in upper extremities and head but lack of pressure in lower extremities
134
Patent Ductus Arteriosus
A failure for the fetal blood flow of the aorta and pulmonary artery to close, resulting in shunting blood between aorta and pulmonary artery putting strain on the heart resulting in easy fatigue and SOB
135
Transposition of the great vessels
Congenital heart defect where aorta and pulmonary artery are switched, most of blood returning to the heart is pumped back out without first going to the lungs, associated with pregnancy issues, symptoms include cyanosis, clubbing of toes and fingers
136
Tetrology of Fallot
A group of 4 abnormalities
1 - narrowing of pulmonary valve
2 - thickening of right ventricle
3 - displacement of aorta due to ventricular septal defect
4 - ventricular septal defect (opening between right and left ventricles)
137
Layers of the heart from outside to inside
Parietal pericardium, visceral pericardium/epicardium, myocardium, endocardium
138
Cardiac tamponade
Compression of the heart by an abnormal accumulation of fluid in the pericardial cavity interfering with ventricular filling, often appearing as hypotension, pulsus paradoxus, sometimes caused by trauma, 2ndary pericarditis, catheterization
139
Beck's triad
3 signs of cardiac tamponade, hypotension, jugular venous distension, and faint heart sounds
140
Trabeculae carnae
Ridges along the ventricular walls that prevent the vacuum suctioning of blood upon contracction
141
Papillary muscles
Sit in the ventricles to pull on the AV valves via the chordae tendinae to keep them from prolapsing backwards during systole
142
Most common congenital heart abnormality
Bicuspid aortic valve where 2 leaflets fuse together causing aortic regurgitation and stenosis
143
Fetal circulation pathway
- Umbilical vein transports O2 rich blood to fetus in fetal circulation
- Some goes to the liver other goes to the ductus venosus
- Both ultimately end up in the inferior vena cava
- At the right atrium, some will go to right ventricle and to the pulmonary trunk (of which only some goes to lungs and most goes thru ductus arteriosus) and some thru foramen ovale
- From left atrium and left ventricle blood goes to systemic circulation
- Umbilical artery
144
Right vs left dominant heart and which is more common
Right dominant heart has a posterior descending artery coming off of right coronary artery
Left dominant heart has posterior descending artery coming off of left coronary artery typically circumflex branch
145
Hypothalamus definition
Endocrine organ that forms floor and walls of third ventricle in brain, regulates primitave functions thru homeostasis via autonomic nervous system and thru hormones
146
Pituitary gland/hypophysis definition
Suspended below hypothalamus by stalk (infundibulum) seated in the sella turcica of sphenoid bone, anteriorally is epithelial tissue posterior is nervous tissue extension of hypothalamus (can release hormones immediately), often called the master gland of the body
147
Hypothalamo-hypophyseal portal system (include the pathway)
A microcirculation of blood vessels at the base of the brain connecting the hypothalamus to the anterior pituitary to quickly transport hormones thru fenestrated capillaries bypassing the blood brain barrier easily
Follows pathway of superior hypophyseal artery entering into the hypothalamus, exchanging in a capillary bed that then travels down the infundibulum to another capillary bed in the anterior pituitary before returning to venous circulation
148
2 hormones released by posterior pituitary and their function
oxytocin (smooth muscle contraction) and ADH (reabsorption of fluid at the kidney)
149
Which hormones are released by anterior pituitary and their function (7)
-ACTH (act on adrenal cortex stimulate cortisol release)
-TSH (Act on thyroid stimulate t3 and t4 release)
-LH (act on gonads)
FSH (act on gonads)
-PRL (act on milk production mammary glands)
-GH (promote IGF-1 release at liver)
-Melanocyte stimulating hormone (MSH)
150
Pineal gland location and function
Located deep within the brain, peak secretion occurs within first 5 years of life, produces seratonin during day and melatonin at night
151
C cells of thyroid gland
Function to release calcitonin to decrease Ca2+ in blood stream
152
3 layers of adrenal gland cortex (outside to in)
Zona glomerulosa
Zona fasciculata
Zona reticularis
153
Adrenal gland medulla secretes what hormones?
Epi and norepi
154
Inferior phrenic arteries (derived from, pathway, empty into)
Derived from: abdominal aorta
Travel from above celliac trunk artery
laterally to give rise to many other vessels
Empty into suprarenal arteries to supply adrenal glands
155
Suprarenal arteries (derived from and supply)
Derived from: inferior phrenic arteries
Supply the adrenal glands
156
Zona reticularis hormones
DHEA, pregnenalone, progesterone, estrogen, testosterones, androsterone
157
Zona fasciulata hormone
Cortisol
158
Zona glomerulosa hormone
Aldosterone
159
RAAS system pathway
- Liver releases inactive angiotensiongen to blood stream
- Kidney releases renin in response to decreased renal perfusion, acting on angiotensinogen to convert to angiotensin I
- Lungs containing ACE convert angiotensin I to angiotensin II
- Angiotensin II acts as a potent vasoconstrictor
- Angiotensin II stimulates aldosterone secretion from adrenal cortex
- Aldosterone causes reabsorption of Na+ and water follows
160
Pancreas definition
Retroperitoneal, inferior and dorsal to stomach organ with both exocrine and endocrine features, has B cells that secrete insulin into blood stream, and a cells that secrete glucagon
