Part 9 Flashcards
1
Q
Celiac trunk artery (derived from, pahtway, empties into)
A
Derived from: abdominal aorta
Travels anteriorally with 3 branches coming off,
Empties into left gastric artery, common hepatic artery, and splenic artery
2
Q
Splenic artery (derived from, travels to)
A
Derived from: celiac trunk artery
Empties into spleen after giving off branches of dorsal and transverse pancreatic arteries
3
Q
Hepatic artery (derived from, travels to)
A
Derived from: celiac trunk artery
Empties into liver giving rise to anterior, posteior and superior pancreaticduodenal arteries along the way
4
Q
Arteries that supply the pancreas (5)
A
Dorsal pancreatic, transverse pancreatic, anterior postioer and superior pancreaticduodenal arteries
5
Q
Sphincter of Oddi
A
Opening of pancreatic duct into duodenum
6
Q
Pancreatic delta and F cells
A
Delta - release somatostatin antagonistic to GH and inhibit insulin release
F - Inhibit somatostatin function (indirectly increasing insulin)
7
Q
FSH and LH function in testes
A
FSH go to sertoli and promote spermatogenesis
LH go to ledyig cells that synthesize testosterone
8
Q
FSH and LH function in ovaries
A
LH goes to theca cells to promote testosterone secretion (to be converted to estrogen by granulosa cells)
FSH stimulates maturation of granulosa cells
9
Q
Renal artery derived from, course, empties into
A
Derived from: abdominal aorta
Travel after branching off below superior mesenteric artery
Empties into interlobular arteries
10
Q
Interlobular arteries, derived from, course, empty into
A
Derived from: renal artery
Travel to form the filtration system of the kidneys, emptying into arcuate arteries
11
Q
Arcuate arteries derived from and course
A
Derived from: interlobular arteries
Travel in arc shape around the adrenal medulla forming the filtration system of the kidneys
12
Q
Adventitia, muscularis, and mucosa of ureters characteristics
A
Adventitia - fibrous
Muscularis - peristaltic smooth muscle contraction
Mucosa - transitional epithelium, very susceptible to stretch
13
Q
ureters, like veins, have….
A
valves
14
Q
Trigone definition
A
Triangle formed between the ureters and urethra in the bladder
15
Q
Detrusor muscle definition
A
3 layers of smooth muscle in one of the layers in the urinary bladder
16
Q
Glomerulus
A
Small capillary bed from afferent arteriole entering kidney from renal artery surrounded by bowman’s capusle, fenestrated capillaries allow for leaking, thick basement podocyte membrane work to keep certain things in the blood and other smaller ions and glucose get filtered into the proximal convoluted tubule
17
Q
Proximal convoluted tubule
A
Region of nephron that receives filtered blood from glomerulus and ACTIVELY reabsorbs 65% of nutrients, ions, amino acids, glucose, and water back out and back into the blood peritubular capillaries
18
Q
Peritubular capillaries
A
tiny blood vessels, supplied by the efferent arteriole, that travel alongside nephrons allowing reabsorption and secretion between blood and the inner lumen of the nephron.
19
Q
SGLT 2 Inhibitor mechanism
A
Because sodium glucose cotransporters account for 90% of glucose reabsorption in kidney, can increase excretion of gluocse via this system thus decreasing blood glucose for diabetic patients (they pee it all out)
20
Q
3 imiportant SGLT 2 inhibitors to know
A
Dapagliflozin farxiga
Canagliflozin Ivokana
Empagliflozin Jardiance
21
Q
Descending loop of henle definition
A
Follows proximal convoluted tubule, passively absorbs water due to high osmolarity of medulla (created by ascending limb)
22
Q
Ascending loop of henle definition
A
Actively pumps Na+, Cl-and K+ out of the loop and into the medulla to make it very salty, impermeable to water
23
Q
Distal convoluted tubule definition
A
Last region of ion absorption before entering the collecting duct
24
Q
Renin secretion is controlled by what structure of the kidney? Where is this structure located?
A
Juxtaglomerular apparatus cells in afferent arteriole
25
Collecting duct
Function to receive fluid from distal convoluted tubule, can reabsorb water, empties into renal calyx
26
Loop diuretics - lasix mech of action
Decreases active absorption in ascending loop of henle blocking Na+, cl-m ad K+ co transporters resulting in a loss of potassium and water following
27
Thiazide diuretics - hydrochlorothiazide mech of action
Blocks sodium chloride co transportsers in dital convoluted tubule resulting in increased urination
28
Aldosterone antagonist - spironolactone mech of action
Inhibits aldosterone's action on receptors in the collecting duct decreasing sodium reabosrption and potassium secretion (increases K+ levels in blood)
29
3 categories of acute renal failure
Prerenal - decrease blood supply to kidneys (think cardiac failure, stenosis)
Intrarenal - within kidneys (think glomerular injury, tubular necrosis)
Postrenal - obstruction of urniary collecting system (think stones)
30
Skene's glands definition
Paraurethral glands, branched tubular glands adjacent to the distal urethra, homologous to prostate in fluid secretion
31
Bartholin's glands definition
Vulvovaginal glands that open into a groove between hymen and labia minora
32
Levator ani muscle function, insertion, innervation
Function: Composed of 3 smaller muscles to, alongside the coccygeus muscle, form the pelvic floor and support the pelvic viscera
Insertion: inner surface of lesser pelvis to coccyx and opposite levator ani
Innervation: S3 and S4
33
Rectouterine pouch/cul de sac/pouch of douglas
Piece of deep peritoenum that is bound anteriorally by the fornix of the vagina and posteriorally by the rectum
34
Transition zone of pap smear
Where cells change from simple sqmaous to simple columnar epithelium, often a site for early detection of cervical cancer
35
3 parts of fallopian tubes
1) Infundibulum - reception region of ovary with fibriae attached, most distal
2) ampulla - Long, tortuous portion where fertilization occurs and ectopic implantation
3) isthmus - short segment that enters the uterine part
36
Suspensory ligament of ovary
Attaches tubal end of ovary to lateral wall of pelvis, contains ovarian vessels and nerves
37
Ligament of the ovary
Connects the inferior end of the ovary to the lateral angle of the uterus
38
Broad ligament of the uterus
Sheet like fold of peritoneum covering the uterus like a sheet to keep structures in place
39
Round ligament of the uterus
Travels from uterine horn thru the deep inguinal ring to the labia majora and mons pubis
40
In cancer of the vulva, lymph drainage may occur to either side of the pelvis. Because of this, what is important?
Bilateral node dissection
41
Uterine artery derived from, course, empties into
Derived from: internal iliac artery
Travels deep and medial, giving rise to vaginal artery branch before changing names
Empties into spiral arteries
42
Spiral arteries derived from and course
Derived from: uterine artery
Travels alongside the wall of the uterus, constricting hormonally during menstruation to allow for death of endometrial lining
43
Ovarian artery derived from and course
Derived from: abdominal aorta
Travels from division just below renal arteries into suspensory ligament to supply the ovary
44
How does the liver allow for living donor transplants?
Because it is divided into 8 functionally independent segments each with own vascular in and outflow
45
Falciform ligament definition
Infolding of mesentary that separtes right and left lobes of livers suspending it from the diaphragm and anterior abdominal wall
46
Round ligament of the liver
Fibrous remains of fetal umbilical vein, travels inferiorally from in between the right and left lobes to the umbilicus
47
Bare area of the liver
Superior diaphragmatic triangular portion of the liver containing portacaval anastamoses where infection can spread to the thoracic cavity
48
Hepatic portal vein derived from, course, emptie sinto
Derived from: merging of splenic and superior mesenteric veins
Travels to the liver receiving branches from gastric and cystic veins before bifurcating and entering
Empties into: hepatic veins
49
Hepatic veins derived from, course, empties into
Derived from: hepatic portal vein
Travels throughout the liver to filter and remove toxins
Empties into the inferior vena cava
50
Splenic vein derived from, cpurse, drains into
Derived from: the spleen
Travels toward the liver, receiving blood supply from inferior mesenteric vein
Drains into: hepatic portal vein
51
Gastric vein derived from, course, empties into
Derived from: stomach
Travels toward the liver
Empties into the hepatic portal vein shortly before it bifurcates
52
Cystic vein deriedfrom, course, empties into
Derived from: the gall bladder
Travels toward the liver
Empties into the heppatic portal vein shortly after it bifurcates
53
Superior mesenteric vein derived from, course, empties into
Derived from: The small intestine
Travels toward the liver
Empties into the hepatic portal vein after merging with the splenic vein
54
Inferior mesenteric vein derived from, course, empties into
Derived from: Large intestine
Travels toward the liver
Empties into the splenic vein superiorally
55
Hepatic portal vein carries ___ of hepatic blood supply, the hepatic artery carries ___
75%, 25%
56
Hepatic artery derived from, course, empties into
Derived from: celiac trunk artery
Travels giving off the gastroduodenal artery before supplying the liver
57
Biliary canuliculi definition
Projections off hepatocytes that collect bile excreted by hepatocytes to eventually enter the common hepatic duct
58
Common hepatic duct
Product of bile canaliculi from hepatocytes within the liver converging, exits the inferior base of the liver before merging with the common cystic duct to form the common bile duct
59
Common cystic duct
Derived from the gall bladder, connects to the common hepatic duct to form the common bile duct
60
Gall bladder
Accessory organ used to store and concentrate bile, contracts via smooth muscle layer in response to lipid presence in intestine to promote emulsification, if removed can see difficutly digesting fatty meals
61
Common bile duct
Formed from the combination of the common cystic duct and common hepatic duct, receives branch from pancreatic duct before exiting at the spincter of Oddi in the duodenum
62
CCK mechanism of action
- Stimulated for release by chyme entering duodenum
- enters blood stream
- Induces secretion of pancreatic enzymes
- Induces gallbladder contracttion
63
Central vein
Drainage structure that eventually combines into the vena cava after receiving blood flow from hepatic sinusoids in a lobule as they are modified by hepatocytes
64
Pathway of blood flow generally to the liver
- hepatic portal vein and hepatic artery
- hepatic sinusoids
- central veins
- hepatic veins
- inferior vena cava
65
Kupffer cells and their 4 key functions
Liver macrophages
1) RBC destruction
2) Antibody production aid
3) phagocytosis
4) cause early ETOH induced liver injury
66
Excess not reasorbed conjugated bilirubin is converted by bacteria into...
...urobilinogen (if reabsorbed gives urine yellow color, most exits into colon giving feces brown color)
67
3 types of jaundice
Prehepatic - excessive hemolysis of RBC
Intrahepatic - affect ability of liver to remove or conjugate bilirubin
Posthepatic - obstruction between liver and intestine
68
Portal hypertension definition
Occurs when portal blood cannot flow thru liver increasing pressure in portal vasculature
69
Hepatorenal syndrome definition
Tendency for cirrhosis of the liver to cause compromising of circulation to abdominal vessels, sometimes disrupting renal blood supply leading to renal failure
70
4 general layers of all the GI tract and characteristics of them
1) Mucosa (innermost layer stratified squamous epithelium containing mucosal glands, lamina propria, muscularis mucosae)
2) submucosa (connective tissue housing vascular, lymphatic, and nerve supply)
3) Muscularis externa (inner circular and outer longitudinal layer of smooth muscle with peristaltic like activity)
4) serosa/adventitia (connective tissue, serosa reduces friction as a viceral peritoneum, adventitia anchors organ
71
Myenteric plexus
Nervous system located in the muscularis externa between layers that receives innervation from autonomic nerve fibers (such as vagus?) to activate contractile/peristaltic activity
72
Mesentary definition
Double layered peritoneum that attaches the intestine to the posterior abdominal wall and hold them in place like an apron, as well as provides a path for blood vessels and lymphatics and nerves
73
Retroperitoneal organs and what they have around them
Pancreas, portions of large itnestine, kidneys, do not have mesentary and contain peritoneum on anterior side only (high risk of trauma)
74
Histology of esophagus
Nonkeratnizied stratified squamous epi
75
Pyloric sphincter definition
A physiological sphincter between the exit of the stomach and the entrance into the duodenum
76
Parietal cells of stomach function
Secrete HCl and intrinsic factor into stomach, intrinsic factor rleaes not impacted by PPI's
77
Chief cells of stomach function
Secrete pepsinogen into stomach
78
Intrinsic factor
Required for B12 absorption in small intestine, secreted by parietal cells into stomach, without it results in macrocytic anemia
79
Histamine function in stomach
Facilitate acid production by parietal cells
80
3 phases of gastric secretion
1) Cephalic - brain receives stimulation to get sttomach ready for food reception
2) gastric - HCl, pepsin, muscularis contractions
3) Intestinal - duodenal enzymes slow emptying of stomach to prevent too much food at once as well as icnrease pH
81
Arteries of the esophagus (3)
1) Inferior thyroid artery provides upper esophageal spincter
2) thoracic aorta and bronchial arteries supply thoracic esophagus
3) left gastric artery and left splenic artery supply lower esophageal spincter
82
Veins of the esophagus (3)
1) upper 1/3 by inferior thyroid vein
2) middle 1/3 by azygous vein
3) gastric veins into portal system (THIS IS KEY, conection between portal and systemic venous system, can see varices)
83
Ligament of Treitz definition
Small hard piece of intestine that wraps around the circumference dividing duodenum from jejunum
84
Gastrin Inhibitory peptide (source and function)
Released by the duodenum to decrease stomach motility to slow emptying of the stomach
85
Superior mesenteric artery derived from and course
Derived from: abdominal aorta
Travels after branching just inferior to celiac trunk to supply most of small intestine, lower part of duodenum, and cecum
86
Crypts of Lieberkuhn
Invaginations of the epithelial mucosa into the lamina propria where they form crypts housing stem cells and immune cells
87
Brunner's glands definition
Submucosal glands found in the duodenum that produce bicarb and inhibit chief and parietal cells, protecting duodenum from acidic content
88
Another name for the myenteric plexus is the....
....Auerbach plexus
89
Ileocecal valve definition
Transition point from small to large intestine,
90
Large intestine muscularis mucosa layers
3 bands going across called tenia coli
91
Epiploics
Small pouches of peritoneum filled with fat and siutated along the colon, similar to appendix in structure and serrve unknown function in the body
92
Inferior mesenteric artery derived from and course
Derived from: abdominal aorta
Travels from just below the renal arteries anterior to supply the colon and rectum
93
Cremaster muscle
Skeletal muscle that elevates the testes or lowers them to optimal temperature
94
Leydig cells
Function to respond to LH and produce androgens for the male within the interstitial tissue of the seminiferous tubules
95
Testicular artery
Derived from: abdominal aorta
| Travels after exiting just below the renal arteries inferiorally to supply the testes
96
Acrosome definition
Structure on head of sperm that allows lysis of wall of egg cell allowing sperm to enter
97
Sertoli cells function
Functionally respond to FSH and act as support cells for sperm development covering the walls of the seminiferous tubules
98
Blood testis barrier
Tight junctions formed by sertoli cells that protect sperm from the external environment
99
Pathway of sperm
- Seminiferous tubules
- head of epididymis
- tail of epididymis
- vas deferens
- seminal vesicle
- ejaculatory duct
- prostatic urethra
- membranous urethra
- penile urethra
100
Pampiniform plexus derived from, course, empties into
Derived from: testes
Travels superiorally out of the testicles creating countercurrent exchange to keep the testes cool
Empties into: testiculuar vein
101
Seminal vesicle definition
Located posterior to bladder and superior to prostate, tubular gland that produces the majority of semen and combines with the vas deferens to form the ejaculatory ducts
102
Ejaculatory duct definition
Formed from the combination of the seminal vesicle and the vas deferens, empty into the prostatic urethra where they combine into one structure
103
Prostate gland definition
Structure that encircles the prostatic urethra, has ejaculatory ducts empty into it, produces a thin, milky alkaline fluid to support sperm vitality as it travels thru the urethra and out of the penis
104
Corpus cavernosa
The 2 bodies of erectile tissue in the male, located on the dorsum of the penis and become engorged with blood when erection occurs
105
Corpus spongiosum
A body of non-erectile tissue housing the urethra located on the ventral side of the penis
106
Peripheral nervous system definition
Portions of the nervous system not covered by the udra mater, including cranial nerves (except CNII) and spinal nerves
107
Somatic nervous system definition
Voluntary portion of PNS that interacts with skeletal muscles (efferent) and sense organs (afferent)
108
Autonomic nervous system definition
Involuntary portion of PNS that interacts with smooth/cardiac muscle, organs, and glands, and can sometimes be overridden, includes sympathetic, enteric, and parasympathetic fibers
109
Frontal lobe function
Most anterior protruding portion of brain, allows for higher mental functioning, planning and decision making, learning new info
110
Parietal lobe function
Most superior protruding portion of the brain that receives sensory input such as touch and pain and initiates motor movement and sense of self
111
Temporal lobe function
Most lateral portion of brain that helps with memory, speech, and hearing
112
Occipital lobe function
Posterior most portion of the brain that helps with vision
113
Cerebellum definition
Inferio-posterior lobe of the brain that functions to assist with coordinaiton and balance
114
Corpus callosum
Bridge between left and right hemispheres of the cerebrum
115
How many pairs of spinal nerves are there? What is the breakdown of them?What other nerves exit out of the brain or brainstem?
31 (8 cervical 12 thoracic 5 lumbar 5 sacral 1 coccygeal), cranial nerves except for II
116
C1-7 nerve exits ___ the c1-7 corresponding vertebra
above
117
C8 nerve exits ____ the c7 vertebra
below
118
T1 nerve exits ___ the T1 vertebra
below
119
of each type of vertebrae?
```
7 cervical
12 thoracic
5 lumbar
5 sacra
1 coccygeal
```
120
Spinal/dorsal root ganglion
Groups of cell bodies that are entering the spinal cord at the corresponding level located along the spinal column, as well as sensory axons traveling in to the spinal cord
121
Intervertebral disk and its components
Located between each vertebrae acting as shock absorption and support for the twisting of the spine, houses annulus fibrois and nucleus pulposis (can project outward posterolaterally into spinal column causing compression herniated disk)
122
Grey matter of spinal cord
The middle butterfly of the spinal cord, contains efferent neuron cell bodies and vasculature
123
White matter of the spinal cord
The outer area of the spinal cord, white color is from myelinated axons
124
Efferent nerve roots tend to come off ____ side of the spinal cord, and provide ___ function
ventral or anteriorally, motor
125
Afferent nerve roots tend to come off ____ side of the spinal cord, and provide ___ function
Dorsal or posteriorally, sensory
126
Even with upper brain death, the lower brain can still facilitate ___. This brings up the ethics question of when we consider brain death, for example when do we define it in the US?
Emotion, we define it as whole brain death
127
Nerve Plexuses of the body
Cervical, brachial, lumbar, sacral, areas where nerves combine and rearrange to form new nerves
128
Afferent neuron
Conducts signal toward CNS, sensory to communicate stimuli
129
Efferent neuron
Conducts signal away from CNS, effector to organs of the body
130
3 caegories of effectors in the body from an efferent neuron
1) skeleetal muscle
2) smooth msucle
3) secretion of exocrine and endocrine glands
131
Soma
Cell body of a neuron, contains nucleus and processes incoming signals from dendrites and outgoing signals to axons at the same time
132
Schwann cells
Surround the axons of neurons in the PNS***(CNS is oligodendrocytes) allowing for insulation of conduction of a signal
133
Interneurons definition
Neurons that lie entirely within the CNS and have an integrative function by processing information and directing appropriate location of that information, often lie between sensory and motor pathways of the reflex arc within the spinal cord
134
3 different kidns of white matter tracks
1) projection - higher and lower levels
2) commissural - between right and left cerebrum
3) association - connect different regions within the same hemisphere of the brain
135
4 main classes of neurotransmitters and examples of each
1) amines (acetylcholine)
2) monoamines (catecholamines such as epi/norepi, dopamine, seratonin)
3) amino acids (gaba, glycine, glutamate)
4) neuropeptides (endorphin, oxytocin)
136
Acetylcholine 2 diseases associated with
myasthenia gravis
alzheimers
137
disease associated with glutamate
ALS
138
Central sulcus
Invagination of superor brain that divides the frontal and parietal lobe, connects precentral an dpostcentral gyri
139
Precentral gyrus
Located just anterior to the central sulcus, contains motor function
140
Postcentral gyrus
Located just posterior to the central sulcus, contains sensory function
141
Spinothalmic tract and what 3 senses does it deal wit and where does it cross over
Portion of the afferent spinal tract that deals with pain, temp, and crude touch, crosses over at the level it enters the spine and travels up the contralateral side to that corresponding hemisphere of the brain
142
Posterior column tract and what 3 senses does it detect and where does it cross over
Portion of the afferent spinal tract that deals with position and fine touch and vibration, enters the spine and travels up the ipsalateral side crossing over at the medulla to the contralateral side that coresponding hemisphere of the brain
143
Motor tract and where does it cross over
Efferent spinal tract that initiates effector function, leaves from the brain and crosses to the ipsalateral side at the medulla to the contralateral side of the corresponding spinal cord before traveing inferiorally to its exit
144
Craniosynostosis definition
growth condition where the suture lines of the cranium shut early and don't allow for continued growth of skull, results in misshapen head where they meet or no closure at all resulting in brain not being able to grow into space
145
Pterion definition
Region where parietal, temporal, frontal, and sphenoid bone all come together that is particularly structural weak when it comes to injury, branch of middle meningeal artery passes thru here
146
Rostral
Anterior in the brain/superior in the spinal cord
147
Caudal
Posterior in the brain/inferior in the spinal cord
148
Longitudial fissures
Deep groove that divides the right and left hemispheres of the cerebrum
149
Lateral sulcus
divides temporal lobe from parietal and frontal lobe
150
Olfactory bulb
The most inferior portion of the frontal lobe, neuronal bundle with specialized axons that extend thru the cribiform plate for olfaction, cranial nerve I
151
Wernicke's area
Portion of the posterior temporal lobe of dominant hemisphere (95% left side) that allows for interpretation of written and spoken words
152
Broca's area
Portion of anterior temporal lobe of dominant hemisphere (95% left side) that allows for articulatoin of speech alongside part of frontal lobe located right next to it
153
Damage to left temporal lobe might cause ___ while right causes ____
Difficulty remembring what people said, ability to recall music or pictures
154
Wernicke's aphasia
Injury to the temporal lobe that results in inability to comprehend/interpret spoken or written word, while visual and auditory pathways remain unaffected, manifests as fluent speech but distorted and illogical
155
Broca's aphasia
Injury to the temporal lobe that results in the inability to articulate spoken words, manifests as choppy speech but logical, expressive aphasia
156
Brain stem components (2)
midbrain
hindbrain (pons and mdulla)
157
Pons location and function
Located directly posterior to hanging pituitary, relays messages to brain, contains pneumotaxic center to regulate respiration
158
Medulla oblongata location and fuction
Located inferiorally to the pons, controls autonomic functions such as repsiratoin, blood pressure, heart rate, and vomiting reflex
159
Hypothalamus location and function
Located superior to the pituitary and forms the floor of the 3rd ventricle of the brain, regulates functions such as body temp, emotions, hunger, thirst, circadian rhythms, and the pituitary gland
160
Diencephalon 2 components
Composed of the thalamus and hypothalamus
161
Limbic system
Group of structures including the amygdala, hippocampus projecting laterally underlying the cerebrum
162
Hippocampus
Portion of limbic system located in the underlying portion of the temporal lobe, funtions include learning and memory
163
Amygdala
Portion of limbic system located in the underlying portion of the temporal and frontal lobe, function includes processing emotional reactions and memory
164
2 layers of dura mater
1) periosteal - directly adherant to skull
2) meningeal - deep to the periosteal layer and not direclty adherant to the skull, forms falx cerebri and tentorium cerebelli
165
Falx cerebri definition
Areas where the dura mater folds inwards along the longitudinal fissure of the cerebrum
166
Tentorium cerebelli definition
Area where the dura mater folds inwards to separate occipital lobe and cerebellum
167
Arachnoid mater definition
Nonvascular connective tissue that adjoins but does not adhere to dura mater (allowing for subdural hematoma) has subarachnoid space where CSF flows thru and small trabechulae adhering it to the pia mater
168
Pia mater
Innermost layer of meninges adherant to the surface of brain and spinal cord
169
CSF is produced by the ___
Choroid plexus which sits within the ventricles of the brain
170
4 ventricles of the brain
Left lateral, right lateral, 3rd, and 4th
171
Arachnoid villi
Projections of the aracnoid matter into the subarachnoid space to reabsorb CSF into the saggital sinus vein
172
Sympathetic pregangionic fibers tend to be__ while postganglionic fibers are ___. The opposite is true for parasympathetic fibers
Short, long
173
Sympathetic chain ganglia
Also known as paravertebral ganglia, run alongside the spinal column ventrally and laterally on both sides
174
2 subtypes of cholinergic receptors and where are they found (SNS vs PNS)
1) Nicotinic - found on postganglionic cells of both SNS and PNS
2) Muscarinic - found only in PNS
175
4 subtypes of adrenergic receptors, where are they predominantly found
1) a1 - found in heart predominantly
2) a2 - smooth muscle
3) B1 - predominantly heart and blood vessels
4) B2 - predominantly heart and blood vessels
176
a1 receptors cause...
Smooth muscle contraction and vasoconstriction
177
a2 receptors cause...
Inhibit NE release, insulin secretion, promotes blood clotting
178
B1 receptors cause...
Increase HR and strength of contraction
179
B2 receptors cause...
Dilation of blood vessels and bronchioles
180
Baroreceptor reflex arc example
- carotid or aortic baroreceptors
- axons in glossopharyngeal or vagus nerve travel to brain stem
- Efferent sympathetic signal goes to target organ increase vasomotor tone
181
Anterior spinal artery derived from, course
Derived from: vertebral arteries
Travel from near the termination of vertebral arteries together and then down the foramen magnum to travel inferiorally along the front of the spinal cord to the cauda equina
182
Posterior spinal arteries derived from, course
Derived from: vertebral arteries
Travel within the grey matter of the spinal cord alongside eachother down the foramen magnum inferiorally to the termination of the psinal cord
183
Conus medullaris
Termination of the spinal cord at the 2nd lumbar vertebra
184
Filum terminale
Strand of fibrous tissue that continues from the conus medullaris inferiorally to attach the spinal cord and meninges to the coccyx
185
Cauda equina
Nerve roots that extend byond the conus medullaris termination of the spinal cord
186
Spinal tap needs to be done at the L3 L4 vertebra space because...
....subarachnoid space still coninues here but it is below the conus medullaris
187
Denticulate ligaments
Extensions from pia to dura mater to allow attachment of all 3 layers of meninges
188
General dermatome distribution
C - arms and neck
T - chest and abdomen
L lower back anteror legs
S - butt and posterior legs
189
spino__ tract vs spinal___ tract difference
spino is sensory spinal is motor
190
3 ascending tracts of the spinal cord
Dorsal column, spinothalmic (lateral and ventral), spinocerebellar
191
3 common things that cause deficiency in dorsal column pathway
diabetes
alcoholism
syphilis
192
Spinocerebellar tract ascending pathway detects....it crosses over in the.... therefore lesion results in...
unconscious proprioception...does not cross....remains ipsaplateral defect
193
Spinocerebellar tract ascending pathway detects....it crosses over in the.... therefore lesion results in...
unconscious proprioception...does not cross....remains ipsaplateral defect
194
Upper motor neuron and example of defect
Located in the CNS, tumor in brain or spinal cord
195
Lower motor neuron and example of defect...
Located in PNS, trauma to the body
196
Corticospinal motor tract causes....it crosses over in the... therefore lesion results in...
Allows precise coordinated limb movements and muscle tone....medulla immediately....therefore ipsalateral affect
197
LMN paralysis is ____ while UMN is ____
flaccid, spastic
198
Brown sequard syndrome
An incomplete spinal cord lesion usually due to penetrating injuries or blunt trauma resulting in ipsalateral loss of proprioception, vibration, position sense and tactile discrimination, but contralateral loss of pain and temp sensation below level of lesion
