Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

HAP year2 period 1 > part A > Flashcards

part A Flashcards

(80 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

Autotrophy

A

produce own food from organic molecules

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Heterotrophy

A

derive energy from other living organisms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

pyloric sphincter

A

regulates the flow of food into intestine and prevents regurgitation into stomach

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

somites

A

blocks of mesoderm that are located on either side of the neural tube in the developing vertebrate embryo. Also determines the migratory paths of neural crest cells and of the axons of spinal nerves

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

phyla

A

the taxonomic rank:

domain > kingdom > phylum > class > order > family > genus > species

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

analogy

A

similar function, different structure and embryonic origin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

homology

A

different function, similar structure and embryonic origin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

enamel

A

white part that covers the crown of the tooth

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

amniotes

A

reptiles and birds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

anapsid

A

reptile with NO temporal openings in the skull (turtle)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

diapsid

A

reptile with 2 temporal openings in the skull (lizards, snakes, birds)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

catabolism

A

breakdown, energy-producing, grom complex to simple

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

anabolism

A

building, energy needed/storage, from simple to complex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

pepsin

A

breaksdown protein, produced in gastric chief cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

rennin

A

milk-curling enzyme

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

trypsin and chymotrypsin

A

continue enzymatic digestion of protiens

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

cows digestion system order

A

mouth-rumen-mouth-rumen-reticulum-omasum-abomasum-intestine-colon-anus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

what can you find in the corpus stomach?

A

mucus cells, parietal cells (hydrochloric acid), chief cells (pepsinogen)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

what can you find in the fundus stomach?

A

additional storage, mucus production

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

epithelium

A

layer of cells that line hollow organs and glands

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

small intestine structures

A

villi (epithelium, connective tissue), microvilli, glycocalyx (peripheral glycoproteins that help to increase nutrient uptakes, construct a physical barrier between the cell and harmful elements)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

deciduous

A

milk teeth

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

homodont

A

all the teeth similar

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

heterodont

A

having teeth differentiated (incisors, canines, premolars, molars)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
enteric nervous system
arrangement of neurons and supporting cells throughout the gastrointestinal tract
26
structures in the mucosa from the GI tract
- MUCOSAE MEMBRANE: protect against abrasion and substances attack. Absorptive cells for nutrients. Secretion hormones. - LAMINA PROPRIA: small blood vessels, nerves, lymphatic vessels, Peyer's patches, lymph nodules. Fight against bacteria. - MUSCULARIS MUCASAE: contract mucosa into folds
27
Peyer's patches
are groupings of lymphoid follicles in the mucus membrane that lines your small intestine. Important for immune surveillance of materials within your digestive system
28
structures in the submucosa from GI tract
- enables larege degree of stretch without damage. Larger blood vessels and lymphatic vessels. - submucosal plexus (Meisser's plexus) and myenteric plexus
29
submucosal plexus
nervous tissue that control movements in the GI tract
30
structures in the muscularis externa from the GI tract
- CIRCULAR MUSCLE LAYER: smooth muscle capable of generating spontaneous depolarizations - LONGITUDINAL MUSCLE LAYER: multi-unit smooth muscle, depends on neural input for contraction
31
serosa
structural support connective tissue for GI tract
32
salivary amylase
enzyme in the saliva. Breaks down amylose and amylopectin into smaller chains of glucose ( maltose, dextrins)
33
gastric glands
any of the branched tubules in the inner lining of the stomach that secrete gastric juice and protective mucus. Gastric glands are: mucous neck cells, parietal cells, chief cells and G cells.
34
important information of the stomach
contains gastric glands to secrete gastric juice into the lumen. Gastric pits.
35
gastric pits
communicate with the stomach and transport gastric glands.
36
parts of the small intestine
- duodenum: chyme, pancreatic juice, bile and vili - jejunum - ileum
37
parts of colon
- ileocecal sphincter (from the ileum to the colon) - ascending colon - transverse colon - descending colon absorbs most of the water transforming it to faces
38
parts in the rectum and anus
- internal anal sphincter: smooth muscle | - external anal sphincter: controls opening, skeletal muscle
39
what do salivary glands contain to digest food?
bicarbonate to neutralize acid salivary amylase (enzymes) mucus to lubricate food lysozyme to destroy bacteria
40
types of pancreas
- exocrine pancreas: numerous acini and their associated ducts - endocrine pancreas: pancreatic islets scattered among acini ducts
41
acini
produce and secrete digestive enzymes
42
parts of the liver
``` secretion of bile metabolic processing of nutrients removal of aged red blood cells of the blood elimination of wastes from the body synthesis of plasma proteins secretion and modification of hormones storage of essential molecules ```
43
endopeptidase
split peptides at interior peptidase bonds producing smaller peptides
44
exopeptidase
split amino acids from one end of the polypeptide producing amino acids
45
zymogens
inactive substance which is converted into an enzyme when activated by another enzyme
46
how does water absorbtion work?
via osmosis and sodium is therefore important
47
pepsinogen concentration depends on...
...changes in acid secretion
48
adic secretion in stomach controlled by...
...cephalicphase, gastric phase, intestinal phase
49
secretion pancratic juice and bile, how does it happen?
regulated by the hormones secretin and CCK (cholecystokinin) produced by the walls of the duodenum with the presence of food and the action of autonomic innervation
50
CCK (cholecystokinin)
stimulates the gallbladder to contract and release stored bile into the intestine. It also stimulates the secretion of pancreatic juice,
51
open circulation system
NO small blood vessels or capillaries interfacing with cells or connecting arteries with veins
52
closed circulation system
fluid and blood is confined to vessels. Therefore blood pressure higher than in open circulation systems
53
atrium
each of the two upper cavities of the heart from which blood is passed to the ventricles.
54
simple circulatory system
paired aortic arches, 1 atrium, 1 ventricle less blood pressure reduction aortic arch I and II aquatic
55
double circulatory system
can carry a lot of O2 increased blood flow 2 atria, 2 ventricles, valves, suculus coronarius
56
lymph nodes produce
lymphocytes
57
lymphatic system functions
- return of excess interstitial fluid to blood circulation (via thoracic duct) - defence/immunity and response to infections (via lymphocytes) - return of triglycerides to blood circulation (via lacteals in small intestine)
58
portal capillary system
when a capillary bed pools into another capillary bed through veins without first going through the heart. they are relatively uncommon
59
systole
contracts
60
diastole
relax
61
vasculature
blood vessels branches
62
erythrocytes
red blood vessels (haemoglobin O2)
63
leukocytes
white blood cells (defend)
64
plateletes
blood clotting (plasma) prevents from bleeding
65
plasma and what it contains
liquid that remains when clotting is prevented. Albuminum + fibrinogen
66
serum and what it contains
liquid remains after the blood has clotted. Albumin+ globulin
67
circulation blood from left ventricle
left ventricle, aorta, systematic circuit (arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, veins), venae cavae, right atrium, right ventricle, pulmonary artery, lungs, pulmonary vein, left atrium and left ventricle
68
p-wave
atrial depolarisation
69
QRS-complex
ventricluar depolarisation and atrial repolarizaton
70
T-wave
ventricular repolarisation
71
food is moved through...
...cilia and musculature
72
meissener's plexus
plexus of ganglionated nerve fibers lying between the muscular and mucous coats of the intestine. it regulates the configuration of the luminal surface
73
g cell
gastrin cell type of cell in the stomcach and duodenum that secretes gastrin. it works with gastric chief cells and parietal cells
74
name an hormone which regulates metabolism and predict which processes are affected
insulin. it regulates glucose levels in the bloodstream and induces glucose storage in the liver, muscles, adipose tissue, resultin in overall weight gain.
75
CCK
cholecystokinin is a major gastrointestinal horomen that plays an important role in stimulation of pancreateic secretion and gall bladder contraction, regulation of gastro9ntestinal motility and induction of safety. ingestion of fat and protein induces signirifcant increases in plasma CCK.
76
cephalic phase control
arising stimuli from head
77
gastric intestinal phase control
arising stimuli from stomach
78
secretin
stimulates the secretion of a bicarbonate-rich pancreatic fluid
79
hepatic portal system
is the venus system that returns blood into the intestinal tract from the digestive tract and spleen into the liver.
80
epinephrine
also called adrenaline

HAP year2 period 1 (3 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions