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HAP year2 period 1 > part B > Flashcards

part B Flashcards

(70 cards)

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1
Q

cellular respiration

A

oxidative process that occurs in cells

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2
Q

external respiration

A

exchange of ozygen and carbon diaoxide between organism and environment

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3
Q

lungs positive pressure

A

fishes fore air to enter

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4
Q

negative pressure lungs

A

thoracic cavity pulls air into lungs

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5
Q

myoglobin

A

oxygen-binding protien in muscles

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6
Q

Bhor effect, in small and large mammals

A

small mammals: high respiratory frequency; high cellular respiration; high additional release of oxygen; low pH(right shift
large mammals: low respiration frequency; low cellular respiration; low additional release of oxygen; high pH (left shift)

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7
Q

RAM ventilation

A

keep swimming, mouth open

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8
Q

spiracle

A

the respiratory cavity of the shark while resting at the bottom of the ocean.

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9
Q

goblet cells

A

secrete miscous fluid

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10
Q

cilia

A

make water relative to the cell in a regular movement of the cilia

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11
Q

alveoli contains..

A

..collagen and elastin

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12
Q

law of Fick

A

postulates that the diffusive flux goes from a high-concentration area to a low-concentration area proportional to the concentration gradient.

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13
Q

Dalton’s law

A

the total pressure of a mixture of gases is equal to the sum of the partial pressures of the individual component gases.

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14
Q

hyposmotic environment

A

cell swell.

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15
Q

hyperosmotic environment

A

cell shring

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16
Q

osmoconformers

A

keep internal fluids isotonic to the environment. No regulating osmotic pressure

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17
Q

stenohaline

A

can live only in a certain salinity range. small, narrow.eg. nonmigrating gish, spider crab

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18
Q

euryhaline

A

survive in a wide range of salinity. broad large. eg. salmon, shore crab

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19
Q

hyperosmotic regulator

A

maintains fluids more concentrated than the surrounding

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20
Q

fish from salty water to freshwater

A
  • keep salt concentration of their bodies higher than that of the water
  • hyperosmotic regulation
  • mucus layer, almost waterproof
  • water pumped out by kidney
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21
Q

fish from freshwater to salty

A
  • Lose water and gain salt
  • hyposmotic regulators
  • maintain bodyfluids at a lower concentration than environment
  • for water loss, fish drinks water absorbed in intestines to blood and secreted to the gills
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22
Q

homeostasis

A

the state of steady internal physical and chemical conditions maintained by living systems (control systems)

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23
Q

osmoconformers owned by

A

invertebrates

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24
Q

osmoregulators owned by

A

vertebrates

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25
Reptiles and birds produce a paste-like urine which is not toxic and largely consists of...
... uric acid
26
primary functions kidney
filter blood and produce urine
27
kidneys secrete hormone..
Erythropoietin, increases the rate of production of red blood cells in response to falling levels of oxygen in the tissues.
28
exchange process in renal nephrons
- glomerular filtration: is the bulk flow of protein free plasma - Reabsorption: from the lumen of the renal tubules to the interstitial fluid - secretion: from peritubular fluid to the lumen of the renal tubules
29
filtration 3 barriers to enter Bowman's capsule
- capillary endothelial cell layer - surrounding epithelial cell (podocytes) - Basement membrane (basal ganglia)
30
water balance | hypervolemia
high blood volume by positive water valance
31
water balance | hypovolemia
low blood volume by negative water valance
32
osmosis
diffusion of water over a concentration gradient fo dissolved solutes
33
Darwin's 5 theories
- perpeutal change: living world is in constant change - common descent: all forms of life same ancestor - multiplication of species: new species by slitting and transforming old ones - gradualism: large differences in anatomical traits are accumulation of small incremental changes over very long periods of time - natural selection: variation among organisms
34
phylogeny
life's history depcited in a branching tree
35
homology
similar structure, different functions. limb.
36
analogy
different structure similar function
37
ontogeny
development of an orgamism through its entire life
38
evoluability
capacity of a system to adaptative evolution
39
allopatric population
species that occupy separate geographic areas that would interbreed if it weren't because of geographic barriers
40
hybridization
occurrance of mating between divergent populations
41
sympatric
same land
42
parapatric
speciation (between allopatric and symaptric): 2 species with geographic allopatric ranges but make contact along borderline that neither species successfully crosses
43
adaptative radiation
evolution of several ecologically diverse species from a common ancestral species
44
population gradualism
new trait become established in pouplation by increasing their frequency initially from a small fraction to mahority
45
phenotypic gradualism
new traits are produced in a small incremental steps accumulating over undered to thousands of generations(not all are incremental steps, some appear in single mutation)
46
phyletic gradualism
slowly steadily gradually to adapt to new challenges
47
punctuated equilibrium
once species appears, the population will become stable
48
taxonomy
branch of sciences concerned with classification, especially of organisms
49
phylogeny
deals with phylogenesis (evolutionary development of diversification of a species or group of organisms)
50
homology
similar relation, relative position
51
homoplasy
character shared by a set of species but not present in their common ancestor
52
clade
fundamental unit of phylogenetic grouping of species
53
synapomorphy
derived character shared uniquely by all members of a clade
54
plesiomoprhic
homologous within a particular group of organisms, but is not unique to members of that group
55
symplesiomorphic
plesiomorphy shared by two or more taxa. teeth.
56
pseudoplesiomprhy
any trait that can neither be identified as a plesiomorphy nor as apomorphy
57
apomorphy
specilaized trait or character that is unique to a group or species. Not present in ancestral form
58
comparative morphology
evolution. shapes, sizes, organismal structures
59
comparative biochemestry
evolution. sequences both amino acids and nucleotides
60
comparative cytology
evolution. shape, number, sixes in chromosomes
61
parenchyma
important for assimilation and transport of food and disposal of metabolic waste
62
which part of the loof of Henle is impermeable?
the ascending part
63
blood goes back, regulation
via veins - skeletal muscle contractions - respiration (movement diapraghm) - blood volume (hyperstension
64
pressure reservoir
in arteries, ensures blood flow during diastolic phase
65
paracrine
relating to or denoting a hormone which has effect only in the vicinity of the gland secreting it
66
endocrine
relating to or denoting glands which secrete hormones or other products directly into the blood
67
osmoconformers
organisms that keep their internal fluids isotonic to their environment, that is, they maintain an internal salinity similar to their ambient conditions
68
ramventilation
The production of respiratory flow in some fish in which the mouth is opened during swimming, such that water flows through the mouth and across the gills.
69
darwins thory of evolution 5
- perpetual change: living world is in constant change - common decent: all forms of life have some ancestor - speciation: multipliction of species, new species by splitting and transforming old ones - gradualism: large differences in anatomical traits are accumulation of small incremental changes over very long periods of time - natural selection: variation amoung organisms, variation is heritable, organisms with different variant forms are epxected to leave different number of offspring to future generations.
70
hyperemia
an excess of blood in the vessels supplying an organ or an other part of the body

HAP year2 period 1 (3 decks)

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