Part II

Question 1

An irregularity on an image that is not caused by the proper shadowing of tissue by the primary beam
Any undesirable optical densities structures, or blemishes recorded on the radiograph

Answer 1

Artifacts

Question 2

Caused by the inclusion of anatomical parts of the body in the region of interest

Answer 2

Anatomical Structure Artifacts

Question 3

3 Categories of Artifacts

Answer 3

Exposure
Handling and Storage
Film Processing

Question 4

Usually occur when the RT conducts the examination
Causes the largest no of repeats

Answer 4

Exposure Artfacts

Question 5

Exposure Artifacts [M.I.W.D.W.I.R]

Answer 5

Motion
Improper
Wrong S-F Match
Double Exposure
Warped Cxt
Improper Grid Position
Radiopaque Materials

Question 6

[caca ] motion

Answer 6

C: Due to improper patient pos’n, lack of comm skills, pt conditions
A: blurring, unsharpness, underexposed
CA: provide sufficient pt prep, clear and concise instructions to achieve good cooperation, assess pt condition, reduce expo time

Question 7

[CACA] Improper patient position

Answer 7

C: technical skills, inadequate rotating or turning with optimum angulation, pt conditions
A: overlapping struc, obscuring roi, distortion, magnification
CA: identify the proper standard/motif technique, use accessories fro better posi

Question 8

IPP - Magnification
Object closer to film = [..],[..]
Object far from film = [..],[..]

Answer 8

Object closer to film = closer to normal size - sharper margins
Object far from film = magnified - less distinct margins

Question 9

X-ray beam does not pass perp to long axis of structure
Differential magnification of structure

Answer 9

IPP-Foreshoretening/distortion

Question 10

a form of distortion. Lesions may be masked by a typical superimposition on normal anatomy

Answer 10

IPP - D istortion - Patient Rotation

Question 11

[CACA] Wrong S-F Match

Answer 11

C: improper match of screen and film combination eg. speed, film base
A: underexposed, overexposed, low and high contrast
CA: properly selected the film and screen combi, identify the film base and screen

Question 12

[CACA] Poor Screen Contact

Answer 12

C: due to film and screen is not fit properly
A: high density at poor area, obscuring pathology
CA: replace the screen, qc test

Question 13

[CACA] Double Exposurse

Answer 13

C: expose the same film twice
A: overexposed, overlapping, blurring
CA: repeat the new film

Question 14

[CACA] warped cassette

Answer 14

C: leaking of light, poor cassette condition
A: focal fog, high density
CA: replace cassette, check the cxt condition, qc test

Question 15

[CACA] Improper Grid Position

Answer 15

C: upside down, wrongly selected grid ratio and types
A: underexposed
CA: check the label; and ration, ensure grid is positioned properly

Question 16

[CACA] Radiopaque Material

Answer 16

C: post-operation (plating), jewelries, metallic objects
A: radiopacity, white, obstructing ROI
CA: remove all radiopaque materials, double check

Question 17

Occur during the processing
Most are pressure type artifacts-caused by the transport system of the processor

Answer 17

Film Processing A.

Question 18

Film Processing A. [E.G.Pi.Di.C.We.S.Re]

Answer 18

Emulsion pick-off
Guide-shoe Marks
Pi Lines
Dichronic Stain
Curtain Effect
Wet-pressure sensitization
Streaking
Reticulation Marks

Question 19

[cause] Emulsion pick off

Answer 19

[cause] emulsion is picked off or removed from emulsion of film base.
My be a result of two images stuck together b/d processing and pulled apart or GLUTARALDEHYDE FAILURE

Question 20

[cause] guide shoe marks

Answer 20

[cause] made by jagged edges of guide shoes bc they are bent, worn, damaged or incorrectly adjusted and run parallel to the direction the film travels
Also occurs with improperly seated transport racks or rollers

Question 21

[CA ] pi lines

Answer 21

C: occur at 3.24 in intervals bc of dirt or chemical stain on roller
A: appear and regular intervals perp the direction of the film travel

Question 22

[CA] Dichronic Stain

Answer 22

C: improper/inadequate chemistry term. Radiograph: yellow, green, blue, purple
Continued dev’t in the fixer, never occur in automatic p.
A: presence of brown or green stains.

Question 23

Dichronic Stain: Brown indication \ Green indication

Answer 23

B: Oxidized developer of hyporetention from several yrs of storage
G: presence of underexposed and underdeveloped silver halide crystals reaming on film after processing caused by incomplete fixation

Question 24

[CA] Curtain Effect

Answer 24

C: improper/inadequate chemistry, in slow processors the chemistry may not be squeezed from the film, either runs down the edge or runs up the trailing edge
A: resemble a lace of curtain, can also occur when wash water is dirty

Question 25

[CA] wet-pressure sensitization

Answer 25

C: Produced in the developerrank, irregular or dirty rollers will cause pressure during dev’t and produce small circular patterns of increased density
A: entrance rollers (soft rubber) or the film become wet before film is introduced, the combination of pressure and water marks forms a series of dark stripes that math the grooves of the rollers

Question 26

[CA] Streaking

Answer 26

C: failure of agitation, improper circulation system of automatic s.
A: uneven solution, high temp causing excessive expansion and contraction of film emulsion during processing

Question 27

[CA] Reticulation Marks

Answer 27

C: uneven solution, high temp causing excessive expansion and contraction of film emulsion during processing
A: network of fine grooves in the film surface

Question 28

Can be caused by improper handling or storage either before, during and after processing

Answer 28

Handling and storage artifacts

Question 29

[cause] light fog

Answer 29

White leaks and improper safelight or intensities

Question 30

[cause] radiation fog

Answer 30

X-ray exposed (leaving cxt in examination room)

Question 31

[cause] static

Answer 31

Build up of electrons in the emulsion and most noticeable during extremely low humidity (smudge)
Static electricity by friction {tree and crown)

Question 32

[cause] kink marks

Answer 32

Fingernail or abrupt bending

Question 33

[cause] hyporetension

Answer 33

Residual thiosulphate which remains during washing and the slowly buildup of silver sulfide

Question 34

[C CA] fingerprints

Answer 34

C: black: developer on fp; white: oil or fixer on fp
CA: keep fingers dry and clean; touch only film edges