Part II Citation: General Rules on Citation

Question 1

Citations to authorities that (contradict/support) a proposition made in the main text are placed in
___.

Answer 1

support; footnotes

Question 2

The superscripted footnote number comes (before/after) any punctuation mark except a ___.

Answer 2

after; dash

Question 3

A footnote number should appear at the (start/end) of a sentence (i.e. after the punctuation) if the
cited authority supports or contradicts the entire sentence.

Answer 3

end

Question 4

In addition to citation to authorities, a footnote may include ___ sentences that are related to the main text to which the footnote is appended

Answer 4

textual

Question 5

If a footnote itself contains a statement requiring support or contradiction, a citation to the
relevant authority should appear directly (before/after) the statement as either a __. There are no actual footnotes within a footnote. Note that the said authorities are not enclosed in parentheses

Answer 5

after; citation sentence or a citation clause.

Question 6

Authorities that support or contradict an entire footnote sentence are cited in a separate citation
sentence immediately after the __ sentence. The citation sentence starts
with a __ letter and ends with a period.

Answer 6

supported or contradicted; capital

Question 7

Authorities that support or contradict only a __ of a sentence within a footnote are cited in
__ which are set off by ___. These clauses immediately follow the part that they
support or contradict.

Answer 7

part; clauses; commas

Question 8

When citing a page, (do/do not) use “p.”.

Answer 8

do not (Simply indicate the page number immediately after the reference.)

Question 9

When necessary to avoid confusion or to indicate a page number, the reference is preceded by a
comma and then the word __. Note that __ precedes only ___; never footnote,
section, or paragraph references.

Answer 9

“at”; “at”; page references

Question 10

When citing multiple page, section, paragraph or footnote references—but not article, chapter, and similar references—use ___ to separate each reference. Articles (as used in a book,
not as used in statutes) and chapters need not be referenced. When citing consecutive ones, use a ___ and omit all but the last ___ digits unless this would be confusing.

Answer 10

commas; dash; two

Question 11

For articles, chapters or titles, precede the references with ___, respectively. Use the designations in the source.

Answer 11

“art.,” “ch.,” or “tit.,”

Question 12

For statutes with several subdivisions, it is (always/not) necessary to include the title, chapter, or subdivision in the citation, as long as the specific article or section is correctly identified. Include reference to the subdivision only when necessary to avoid confusion.

Answer 12

not

Question 13

Always preface preambular clauses with __. ___ clauses are preambular in character

Answer 13

“pmbl.”; “Whereas”

Question 14

For sections, precede the references with the ___ followed by a space. Use parentheses to refer to specific subsections, if necessary, following the designations in the source.
Note that the section symbol is never preceded by __, unlike page references.

Answer 14

section symbol (§); “at”

Question 15

When referring to multiple sections otherwise, use___, then ___. Use ___ for consecutive sections

Answer 15

two section symbols; commas; dashes

Question 16

When referring to multiple subsections in the same section, use a __ but enclose each subsection reference in __.

Answer 16

dash; parentheses

Question 17

If there are multiple subsections within a section, use ___ to refer to specific subsections, if necessary, following the designations in the source.

Answer 17

parentheses

Question 18

When dashes would be confusing because the source designates hyphenated subsections, use the connector __ instead.

Answer 18

“to”

Question 19

Apply the same rules for paragraphs, using the ___ symbol. This symbol is likewise never preceded by “at”, unlike page references. This rule also applies to ___.

Answer 19

paragraph (¶): Whereas and

preambular clauses.

Question 20

Paragraph references are commonly used for Internet sources and documents with __ such as International Court of Justice decisions. When helpful, add a section or paragraph reference to make a page reference or references more specific.

Answer 20

numbered paragraphs

Question 21

For citing footnotes in another work, use a __ and add __, immediately followed by the footnote number without a space. Do not precede “n.” with a __. Note that footnotes within the article itself are not cited using “n.”.

Answer 21

page reference; “n.”; comma

Question 22

When referring to both the text on a page of another work and a footnote on that page, place an ___ between the page and the footnote reference.

Answer 22

ampersand

Question 23

When referring to both the text on a page of another work and an endnote on that page, use an ___ and cite the page on which the endnote is found.

Answer 23

ampersand

Question 24

When referring to multiple footnotes in another work, use the rules for sections and paragraphs (Rules 7.6 – 7.12). However, for multiple __ footnotes, substitute an ___ for
the last comma, to avoid confusion when citing footnotes on different pages.

Answer 24

nonconsecutive; ampersand

Question 25

When referring to specific material, add a descriptive abbreviation such as ___ after the page or other reference. If this appears confusing, use a __.

Answer 25

“fig.” or “tbl.”; parenthetical remark

Question 26

Do not use section and paragraph symbols in the __ text, unless what is cited customarily uses the said symbols (e.g. the United States Code). The words "article," "section" and the like are ___ in the body text when referring to a particular portion.

Answer 26

body; capitalized and spelled out

Question 27

A source cited in a footnote but not preceded by a signal must __ of a quotation or cited authority, or ___ the proposition in the text. The latter is a strong signal.

Answer 27

identify the source; directly support

Question 28

Use ___ in “citation sentences” as one would an ordinary sentence. Semicolons connect related sources in such a sentence.

Answer 28

semicolons and periods

Question 29

To connect sources in the same “citation sentence” with descriptive phrases such as “citing,” “cited by,” “quoting,” “quoted by,” “reversing,” “reversed by,” “partially reversing,” “partially reversed by,” “amending,” “amended by,” “repealing,” “repealed by,” and the like, place a __ after the first source, followed by the descriptive phrase and the second source. Use __ to avoid confusion when using a number of sources and phrases in the same footnote.

Answer 29

comma; periods and/or semicolons

Question 30

One may connect sources with __. Use __ to avoid confusion when using a number of sources and phrases in the same footnote.

Answer 30

“Compare…, with” and “Compare…, with…, and”; periods and/or semicolons

Question 31

Use __ when referring to the immediately preceding source in the same footnote, or to the immediately preceding source in the immediately preceding footnote if the footnote cites only one source. Use this symbol by itself to refer to the same specific point referred to in the preceding citation; use ___ to refer to another page and a comma to refer to another section or paragraph. Note that “id.” may be used to refer to decisions, but not to __

Answer 31

“id.”; “at”; constitutions and statutes.

Question 32

Use ___ to refer to a previous source cited in the same footnote, and __ to refer to a source cited in a previous footnote, or to a source in the immediately preceding footnote if it cites more than one source. Note that “supra” is never used to refer to ___.

Answer 32

“, supra”; | “, supra note ”; constitutions, statutes, or decisions.

Question 33

Do not use other Latin words such as __.

Answer 33

“ibid.” and “op. cit."

Question 34

To refer to preceding pages, use __. This is the only instance in which __ is used to indicate page numbers.

Answer 34

“See supra pp. ”; “p.” or “pp.”