part two Flashcards
(118 cards)
1
Q
how does the prescriptive approach of the cultural analogy treat culture?
A
like something an organization has; an objectification of culture
2
Q
why is it risky to objectify culture?
A
it de-emphasizes the complex process through which organizational culture is created and sustained
3
Q
bougie co. firmly believes that its employees should always, always aspire to the finer things in life. the expensive things. the sugar daddy things™. it sees itself being a leader in the industry of stuckuptitude and luxury bitchiness. what cultural prescriptive approach is this an example of?
A
values
4
Q
how are values characterized, according to this prescriptive approach?
A
the beliefs and visions that members hold for an organization
5
Q
missy has been with bougie co. for a whole two years, which means she practically runs the company. she literally doesn’t know what a homeless person is, why people would ever shop at walmart, or why she should ever give money to charity. she embodies bougie co.’s values. what cultural prescriptive approach is this an example of?
A
heroes
6
Q
what is a hero, according to the prescriptive approach?
A
someone who comes to exemplify an organization’s values
7
Q
in order to become truly accepted into bougie co.’s ranks, a new employee must burn any of their clothing valued at less than $500. what cultural prescriptive approach is this an example of?
A
rites and rituals
8
Q
how are rites and rituals described according to the prescriptive approach?
A
the ceremonies through which an organization celebrates its values
9
Q
bougie co. employees, regardless of their origination, must speak with a posh accent and use a pidgin-like lexical system that confuses and, frankly, embarrasses outsiders. what cultural prescriptive approach is this an example of?
A
cultural network
10
Q
what is a cultural network, according to the prescriptive approach of culture?
A
the communication system through which cultural values are instilled and enforced.
11
Q
according to the descriptive approach, how is culture viewed?
A
the merging and sometimes fragmented values, practices, narratives, and artifacts that make a particular organization what it is
12
Q
what does the descriptive approach to culture require? how?
A
a consideration of the way individuals make sense of their world through their communicative behaviors?
13
Q
what are the 4 tenants of the descriptive approach to culture?
A
organizational cultures are:
1. complicated 2. emergent 3. not unitary 4. often ambiguous
14
Q
how are organizational cultures revealed? in which 6 ways?
A
through its rites; the rites of:
- passage
- degradation
- enhancement
- renewal
- conflict reduction
- integration
15
Q
according to the 2nd tenant, how are cultures created? through what?
A
socially; the interaction of organizational members
16
Q
according to the 2nd tenant, what does communication represents in regards to culture?
A
communication is constitutive of culture
17
Q
what are the 4 performances of culture?
A
interactional, contextual, episodic, improvisational
18
Q
how are cultural performances episodic?
A
they are distinct events in organizational life
19
Q
how are cultural performances interactional?
A
they require the participation of multiple organizational members?
20
Q
how are cultural performances improvisational?
A
there are no scripts that guide organizational members
21
Q
how are cultural performances contextual?
A
they are embedded in organizational situation and organizational history
22
Q
according to the 3rd tenant, how are organizations characterized? in what 3 ways may they coexist?
A
by a multitude of organizational subcultures that may co-exist in harmony, conflict, or indifference to each other
23
Q
according to the 3rd tenant, where might subcultures emerge?
A
around networks of personal contacts or demographic similarity
24
Q
why are cultural organization often ambiguous?
A
they aren’t always a clear picture of its cultures/subcultures; organizations are rapidly changing
25
how is ambiguous culture viewed?
as a normal, salient, and inescapable part of organizational functioning in the contemporary world
26
what defines the outer layer of schein's onion model?
markers as ARTIFACTS and BEHAVIORS that are MOST VISIBLE
27
the outer layer is easy _____, hard to _____.
see; decipher
28
what environments does the outer layer of schein's onion model encompass?
physical and social
29
what defines the middle layer of schein's onion model? how is it expressed and how does it vary?
ESPOUSED individual and group VALUES; a verbally expressed statement; varies among members
30
what is a difficulty of the middle layer of the onion model?
figuring out what the artifacts mean, how they interrelate, and what deeper patterns may be reflected
31
is the middle layer consistent with the outer layer? give an example.
it may not be; it bougieness, for example, is a stated cultural value, but a manager encourages thriftiness among their subordinates, there's an inconsistency between the visible values and those that are actually expressed.
32
what defines the core of schein's onion model?
GoRIM: basic assumption about the nature of:
- goals
- relationships
- identity
- motivations
33
how does the aspect that defines the onion model's core impact the organizational culture?
they can either divide or unite them
34
how do theory x and theory y managers reflect the middle layer?
middle layer characterized by preferences on how things should be done and may VARY among MEMBERS. so a theory x and theory y manager may both work for bougie co. but share starkly different views on how employee relationships should be managed
35
what are the strengths of culture as a metaphor (4)?
- symbolic significance of organizational life (i.e. meetings are more than meetings)
- shared meaning (you are what others perceive)
- social construction of our environment (zappos environment is not an accident)
- helps make sense of change
36
what are the weaknesses of culture as a metaphor? (2)
- focus on shaping culture (but they naturally emerge)
| - cultures are complex and evolving (more than meets the eye)
37
what are the aspects of schein's onion model of organizational culture? (4)
- Group phenomenon
- Pattern of basic assumptions
- Emergent/ developmental process - through daily interactions
- Socializing aspect important
38
what are the causes for a fragmented culture?
- Superficial exterior
- Private contradictions
- Subcultures - not a clear organizational understanding
- Change
- Mergers
39
what is the front stage of a fragmented culture? the back stage? under what aspect of fragmented culture does this appear?
what the world sees on the surface (external); what's behind closed doors (internal); private contradictions
40
what are the 3 phases of socialization?
- anticipatory socialization
- encounter
- metamorphosis
41
which phase of anticipatory socialization is characterized by learning about the responsibilities or perceptions of the job?
vocational anticipatory socialization
42
which phase of socialization is characterized by learning about the function of work before organization entry?
'learning about work in general'
43
how is anticipatory socialization characterized?
by both socialization to an occupation AND to an organization
44
which phase of socialization is characterized by learning about an organization's company goals, structures, salary, etc?
organizational anticipatory socialization
45
what matters in the successful adaptation of anticipatory socialization?
perceptions; not the size of the support network but the perceptions of size
46
which phase of socialization occurs at the organizational point of entry?
encounter
47
how is the encounter phase of socialization characterized?
as a time of change, contrast, and surprise
48
what must a newcomer do during the encounter phase? what does it rely on? (3)
work to make sense of the new organizational culture; predispositions, past experiences, and others' interpretations
49
which phase of socialization can result in a great deal of stress?
encounter
50
what is the informational exchange of the encounter phase of socialization?
learning about a new organization and role, and letting go of old values, expectations, and behaviors
51
what is a formal introduction into an organization?
orientation, formal mentorship programs
52
what is an informal introduction into an organization?
culture
53
what can well-designed programs during the encounter phase result in?
enhanced commitment and reduced turnover
54
when does the metamorphosis stage occur? what is it also known as?
when the new employee has made the transition from outsider to inside; sensemaking
55
what are 2 factors of the zappos view on culture?
1. strong core values
| 2. interpersonal relationships are key
56
according to ceo tony hsieh, what leads to consistency?
determining an individual's core values and aligning them with the company's
57
which socialization phase represents the process' completion?
metamorphosis
58
which interview structure is superior? why?
structure. a) better predictor of job performance b) better question quality 3) reliability of ratings (allows for comparability)
59
what is the socialization during interviews?
realistic job previews (?)
60
what is the risk of screening job candidates through social media? benefits?
risks:
-you may not end up with better employees
benefits:
-to a degree, you can determine personality
61
which level of schein's model is the hardest to observe?
the core
62
what features characterize conflict?
- conflict is a process that occurs/works over time
- conflict can originate from:
- skewed perception
- lack of compatible goals
- obstructed views of objective achievement
63
what are the 3 i's of conflict?
- incompatible goals
- interdependence
- interaction
64
what is the role of power in conflict?
- it plays a role in the influence and control of people and events
- symmetrical relationships with balanced power are better and complementary relationships have an imbalance of power
65
when does incompatibility result in conflict?
when organizational members are interdependent on one other, i.e. when they have to work together
66
how does interaction impact incompatibility?
interaction must express incompatibility, not merely exist. communication is essential, (including avoidance or suppression) in the expression of conflict.
67
what are the 5 forms of power during conflict?
money, property, work status, personal, intimacy
68
what is the first phase of conflict? how is it characterized?
latent; when conditions are ripe for conflict because interdependence and possible incompatibility exist between parties
69
what is the second phase of conflict? how is it characterized?
perceived; one or more parties believing that incompatibilities and interdependence exist
70
what is the third phase of conflict? how is it characterized?
felt; the formulation of strategies by parties on how to deal with the conflict and consider outcomes that would and wouldn't be acceptable
71
what is the fourth phase of conflict? how is it characterized?
manifest; conflict being enacted through communication and cycles of escalation/de-escalation
72
what is the final phase of conflict? how is it characterized?
conflict aftermath; conflict episode has both short- and long-term effects on the individuals, their relationships, and the organization
73
which conflict style is most frequently used?
avoidance
74
maggie and moo are required by missy at bougie co. to spend the weekend working on a bomb-ass presentation unveiling their team's new product proposal: stay matte, bitch–a primer that swears all day matte wear. moo thinks the presentation should be flashy and maggie thinks the presentation should be minimalistic, and nothing's getting done and tension is building.
how would maggie deal with the conflict if she were practicing the avoidance conflict style? how is this characterized? is this method effective?
-maggie would not speak with moo
little concern for maggie's or moo's needs
-rarely
75
maggie and moo are required by missy at bougie co. to spend the weekend working on a bomb-ass presentation unveiling their team's new product proposal: stay matte, bitch–a primer that swears all day matte wear. moo thinks the presentation should be flashy and maggie thinks the presentation should be minimalistic, and nothing's getting done and tension is building.
how would moo deal with the conflict if she were practicing the accommodating conflict style? competition? how are these characterized?
- she would give in to maggie's demands and go for a minimalistic presentation
- she would fight to have HER flashy presentation
- DEFERMENT OF GOALS; PURSUIT OF OWN GOALS
76
what is accommodation motivated by?
power and love
77
what is competition motivated by?
negative thoughts
78
what can competition trigger?
defensive communication and escalation
79
what are the risks of an avoidance conflict strategy?
- cumulative annoyance where irritation builds to boiling point
- pseudo conflict where you believe the conflict exists but it really doesn't, and you take unnecessary actions to avoid this perceived conflict
80
maggie and moo are required by missy at bougie co. to spend the weekend working on a bomb-ass presentation unveiling their team's new product proposal: stay matte, bitch–a primer that swears all day matte wear. moo thinks the presentation should be flashy and maggie thinks the presentation should be minimalistic, and nothing's getting done and tension is building.
how would maggie deal with the conflict if she were practicing the reactivity conflict style? how is this characterized?
- maggie would dead-ass start screaming and spitting on moo in order to get her way
- yelling and physical abuse; lack of strategy
81
which conflict style is triggered by a lack of respect?
reactivity
82
maggie and moo are required by missy at bougie co. to spend the weekend working on a bomb-ass presentation unveiling their team's new product proposal: stay matte, bitch–a primer that swears all day matte wear. moo thinks the presentation should be flashy and maggie thinks the presentation should be minimalistic, and nothing's getting done and tension is building.
how would moo deal with the conflict if she were practicing the collaboration conflict style? how is this characterized?
- moo would suggest a presentation that combines the best elements of both flair and minimalism
- mutual problem solving
83
what is the focus on in the collaborative conflict style?
common interests, attacking the problem, and the generation of multiple options
84
what is power?
the ability to influence or control people and events
85
what does power affect (3)?
how people treat one another, who controls decisions, and who gets their way
86
how is a symmetrical relationship defined? a complementary one?
balanced power; imbalanced power
87
how can power be used?
mutual benefit or for unethical reason
88
according to the dyadic power theory, who is most likely to use controlling communication?
people with moderate power because they cannot be sure people will listen (insecurity) while people with higher power know people will listen
89
maggie is a mid-level manager at bougie co. and missy is the ceo of the company. according to the dyadic power theory, who is most likely to use controlling communication? why?
maggie; she has moderate power and cannot be sure people will listen (insecurity). missy, with higher power, knows people will listen
90
what is predictive of an individual's conflict style preference?
personality factors e.g. agreeableness, extraversion
91
how does an effective leader handle conflict?
by choosing styles that best match the situation
92
what strategies can you follow for successful 3rd party conflict? (5)
- help avoid emotional contagion
- help identify emotional states
- look out for emotional flooding
- identify serial arguments
- manage image
93
what will influence how a conflict is managed?
the way an individuals frames it
94
what 4 features characterize conflict?
conflict:
- begins with perceptions
- involves clashes in goals/behaviors
- is a process
- is dynamic
(BIvII)
95
what is kitchen-sinking?
when combatants hurl insults and accusations at each other that have little to do with the original disagreement
96
what are the 3 characteristics of power?
1. it can be used ethically or unethically
2. power is granted
3. power influences conflicts
97
which power currency influences material things such as money, property, and food
resource currency
98
which power currency is comprised of special skills or knowledge
expertise currency
99
which power currency is characterized by a network of friends, family, and acquaintances with substantial influence
social network currency
100
which power currency is characterized by characteristics like beauty, intelligence, charisma, etc., or characteristics that people consider desirable?
personal currency
101
which power currency is characterized by sharing a close bond with someone that no one else shares
intimacy currency
102
how is social network currency characterized?
by the power and influence of the network of family, friends, acquaintances
103
how is personal currency characterized?
by characteristics that others find desirable
104
how is resource currency characterized?
by material things like money, property, food
105
how is intimacy currency characterized?
by the exclusive bond with someone else
106
how is expertise currency characterized?
by special skills or knowledge
107
maggie and moo are required by missy at bougie co. to spend the weekend working on a bomb-ass presentation unveiling their team's new product proposal: stay matte, bitch–a primer that swears all day matte wear. moo thinks the presentation should be flashy and maggie thinks the presentation should be minimalistic, and nothing's getting done and tension is building.
if maggie laughs off or jokes about moo's confrontational statement, which avoidance tactic is she using? if maggie calls moo a 'fucking gaudy housewives of new jersey ass bitch' and then storms out of the room before moo can respond, which avoidance tactic is she using? how are they characterized?
- skirting; avoiding conflict by changing the topic or joking
- sniping; communicating negatively and then abandoning the encounter by physically leaving
108
what is the most constructive way to deal with conflict online? why?
take the encounter offline; boosts empathy and reduces likelihood of attributional errors
109
if a situation must be dealt with online, what are the 5 steps you should take?
1. wait and reread
2. assume the best and watch out for worst
3. seek outside counsel
4. weight options carefully
5. communicate competently
110
what are 3 third party approaches to conflict?
1. emotional flooding/contagion
2. managing image of self
3. recognize circumstances
111
characterize the avoid emotional contagion stage.
destructive cycle, automatically mirror others
112
characterize the identify emotional states stage.
consider their associatioins
113
what are the 3 key factors of making serial arguments?
make them apparent, avoid reoccurrence, avoid demand/withdraw pattern
114
characterize the manage image stage.
constant evolution
115
what are the 3 effects of intragroup conflict on proximal and distal group goals?
1. task conflict
2. process conflict
3. relationship conflict
116
how is task conflict characterized?
disagreement about decisions and outcomes; what was done or should be done
117
how is process conflict characterized?
by the logistics of task accomplishment or delegation of tasks
118
how is relationship conflict characterized?
by incompatibility of group members, including tension, annoyance, animosity
