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BIO 14 > Parts and Functions of the Cell > Flashcards

Parts and Functions of the Cell Flashcards

(74 cards)

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1
Q

He observed the movements of protists and sperm.

A

Antony van Leeuwenhoek

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2
Q

Term for protists and sperm

A

Animalcules

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3
Q

The book where Robert Hooke coined the term “cell”.

A

Micrographia (1665)

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4
Q

The box-like structures Hooke observed when viewing cork tissue through a lens

A

Cell (from the Latin term “cella” = “small room”)

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5
Q

The year when Leeuwenhoek discovered bacteria and protozoa

A

1670s

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6
Q

They studied tissues and proposed the unified cell theory.

A

Matthias Schleiden (botanist) and Theodor Schwann (zoologist), 1830s

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7
Q

States that all living things are composed of one or more cells; that the cell is the basic unit of life; and that all cells arise from existing cells

A

Unified cell theory

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8
Q

Single-celled organisms of the domains Bacteria and Archaea

A

Prokaryotes

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9
Q

Two broad categories of cells

A

Prokaryotic and eukaryotic

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10
Q

Animal cells, plant cells, fungi, and protists

A

Eukaryotes

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11
Q

Major components of all cells

A

Plasma/cell membrane, cytoplasm, DNA, ribosomes

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12
Q

A simple, single-celled organism that lacks a nucleus

A

Prokaryotic cell

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13
Q

The material that makes up the cell wall of bacteria; comprised of sugars and amino acids and have many polysaccharide capsule

A

Peptidoglycan

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14
Q

Where prokaryotic DNA is found; the darkened region which is the central part of the cell

A

Nucleoid

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15
Q

Acts as an extra layer of protection, helps the cell maintain its shape, and prevents dehydration (in plant cells)

A

Cell wall

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16
Q

Enables the cell to attach to surfaces in its environment

A

Capsule

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17
Q

Used for locomotion in prokaryotic cells

A

Flagella

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18
Q

Used to exchange genetic material during a type of reproduction called conjugation in prokaryotic cells

A

Pili

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19
Q

Major parts of the prokaryotic cell

A

Chromosome (DNA), nucleoid, cell membrane, cell wall, capsule, pili, ribosome, flagellum

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20
Q

A cell that has a membrane-bound nucleus and other membrane-bound compartments or sacs, called organelles

A

Eukaryotic cell

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21
Q

The word organelle means

A

“little organ”

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21
Q

The word eukaryotic means

A

“true kernel” or “true nucleus”

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22
Q

Average size of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells

A

0.1-5.0 micrometer; 10-100 micrometers

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23
Q

Made up of phospholipid bilayer with embedded proteins that separates the internal contents of the cell from its surrounding environment

A

Plasma membrane

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24
A lipid molecule composed of two fatty acid chains, a glycerol backbone, and a phosphate group
Phospholipids
25
Regulates the passage of some substances, such as organic molecules, ions, and water, preventing the passage of some to maintain internal conditions
Plasma membrane
26
This folding increases the surface area of the plasma membrane
Microvili
27
A protein found in wheat, barley, and rye; an immune response that damages the microvili
Gluten
28
Comprises the contents of a cell between the plasma membrane and the nuclear envelope; made up of organelles suspended in the gel-like cytosol
Cytoplasm
29
It consists of 70% to 80% water but has a semi-solid consistency.
Cytoplasm
30
Where metabolic reactions take place
Cytoplasm
31
A network of protein fibers that helps to maintain the shape of the cell, secures certain organelles in specific postions, allows cytoplasm and vesicles to move within the cell, and enables unicellular organisms to move independently
Cytoskeleton
32
Three types of fibers within the cytoskeleton
Microfilaments/actin filaments, intermediate filaments, microtubule
33
The thinnest of the cytoskeleton fibers and function in moving cellular components; maintain the structure of microvili; common in muscle cells and are responsible for muscle cell contraction
Microfilaments
34
Are intermediate diameter and have structural functions: mantaining the shape of the cell and anchoring organelles
Intermediate filaments
35
The thickest of the cytoskeletal fibers; are hollow tubes that can dissolve and reform quickly; guide organelle movement and are the structures that pull chromosomes to their poles during cell division; structural components of flagella and cilia
Microtubules
36
In cilia and flagella, the microtubules are organized as ____.
a circle of nine double microtubules on the outside and two microtubules in the center
37
Are long, hair-like structures that extend from the plasma membrane and are used to move an entire cell
Flagella
38
Many in number and extend along the entire surface of the plasma membrane; short, hair-like structures that are used to move entire cells
Cilia
39
A group of membranes and organelles in eukaryotic cells that work together to modify, package and transport lipids and proteins
Endomembrane system
40
Components of the endomembrane system
* nuclear envelope * lysosomes * vesicles * endoplasmic reticulum * Golgi apparatus
41
The most prominent organelle in a cell; houses the cell's DNA in the form of chromatin
Nucleus
42
A double-membrane structure that constitutes the outermost portion of the nucleus
Nuclear envelope
43
The nuclear envelope is punctuated with pores that control the passage of ions, molecules, and RNA between the ____ and ____.
nucleoplasm, cytoplasm
44
A structure within the nucleus that is made up of DNA and proteins
Chromosome
45
The combination of DNA and proteins
Chromatin
46
The structure of chromosomes in eukaryotes
linear
47
A series of interconnected membranous tubules that collectively modify proteins and synthesize lipids
Endoplasmic reticulum
47
The darkly staining area within the nucleus; aggregates the ribosomal RNA with associated proteins to assemble the ribosomal subunits
Nucleolus
48
Two areas of the endoplasmic reticulum
Rough ER, smooth ER
49
Part of the ER that modifies proteins
Rough ER
50
Part of the ER that synthesizes lipids
Smooth ER
51
The hollow portion of the ER tubules
Lumen or cisternal space
52
The ribosomes attached to its cytoplasmic surface give it a studded appearance
Rough ER
53
Continuous with the RER but has a few or no ribosomes on its cytoplasmic surface
Smooth ER
54
* Synthesis of carbohydrates, lipids, and steroid hormones * Detoxification of medications and poisons * Alcohol metabolism * Storage of calcium ions
Smooth ER
55
Where the sorting, tagging, packing, and distribution of lipids and proteins take place
Golgi apparatus
56
Where the receiving face of the Golgi body is located
near the endoplasmic reticulum
57
Where the releasing face of the Golgi body is located
side away from the ER, toward the cell membrane
58
Fuse with the plasma membrane and release their contents outside the cell
Secretory vesicles
58
Deposit their contents into other parts of the cells
Transport vesicles
59
In animal cells, these are the cell's "garbage disposal"
Lysosomes
60
These enzymes within the lysosomes aid the breakdown of proteins, polysaccharides, lipids, nucleic acids, and even worn-out organelles.
Digestive enzymes
60
Enzymes that destroy disease-causing organisms that might enter the cell
Hydrolytic enzymes
61
A group of white blood cells which are part of your body's immune system
Macrophages
62
The cellular structures responsible for protein synthesis; appear as clusters or single tiny dots floating freely in the cytoplasm
Ribosomes
62
Somewhat larger than vesicles, and its membrane does not fuse with the membranes of other cellular components
Vacuole
62
Can fuse with other membranes within the cell system
Vesicle
62
In this process, a section of the plasma membrane of the macrophage invaginates (folds in) and engulfs a pathogen.
Phagocytosis
63
The "powerhouse" or "energy factories" of a cell because thay are responsible for making adenosine triphosphate (ATP); oval-shaped, double-membrane organelles that have their own ribosomes and DNA
Mitochondria
64
The formation of ATP from the breakdown of glucose
Cellular respiration
65
Each membrane of the mitochondria is a ____ embedded with proteins.
phospholipid bilayer
66
The inner layer of the mitochondria has folds called ____, which increase the surface area of the inner membrane
cristae
67
Small, round organelles enclosed by single membranes; carry out oxidation reactions that break down fatty acids and amino acids; detoxify many poisons that may enter the body
Peroxisomes

BIO 14 (2 decks)

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