Parts of a Research Proposal

Question 1

The introduction should include the following except,

○ Problem described
○ Rationale of the study
○ future studies that addressed the problem
○ Deficiencies or gap in the previous studies
○ Significance of the study described

Answer 1

○ future studies that addressed the problem (malamang, dpaat previous)

Question 2

1. clear and specific
2. TOF. The general objective cannot be specifically
   measured.
3. TOF. You measure the specific objective by way of formulating the general objective.

Answer 2

1. Objective
2. T
3. F (You measure the general objective by way of formulating the specific objective)

Question 3

• Should be described in sufficient details such that other competent researchers will be able to repeat the study. Details are important!
• DO NOT USE VERBS IN THE PAST TENSE!

Answer 3

Methodology

Question 4

○ Is it a descriptive study or an analytic study?
○ Is it an observational or experimental study? If
observational, specify, cross-sectional, case control or
cohort. If experimental, specify.

Answer 4

Research design

Question 5

• population where your study will be applied to
• Describe/define who is your target population.
• For example, if your target population is stroke patients, describe or define how do you determine patients have strokes?
• Is there a set of criteria used to make the diagnosis? If so, did you follow the criteria?
• If it is a case-control, describe/define as well who is the control, and how they will be diagnosed.

Answer 5

Target population

Question 6

ELIGIBILITY CRITERIA AND THE TIME PERIOD

TOF.
1. INCLUDE the participants who have fulfilled the inclusion criteria but have characteristics that can influence the outcome or results of the study.
2. exclusion criteria IS NOT the opposite of the inclusion criteria
3. DO NOT put those who refuse to sign the informed
consent, those who are not willing to participate

Answer 6

1. F (exclude)
2. T
3. T

Question 7

STUDY PROCEDURE

• Recruitment of participants.
• Method of assignment to study groups.
• Description of procedure/s for the experimental and control group.
• Laboratory procedures
• Follow-up procedures.

Answer 7

INTERVENTIONAL STUDIES

Question 8

• Sampling methodology
• Recruitment of participants.
• Data collection and method
• Data to be collected
• Instrument/s to be used for measuring exposure and/or outcome
• Instrument/s used
• Laboratory procedures, if applicable.
• Follow-up, if applicable.
• Biosafety Clearance

Answer 8

OBSERVATIONAL STUDIES

Question 9

VARIABLE DESCRIPTION or OPERATIONAL DEFINITION

TOF.
1. Define only the variables you will collect
2. DEFINE the participants of the study here
3. Dependent, independent, and confounders should be defined operationally.

Answer 9

1. T
2. F
3. T

Question 10

TOF. The sample size based on the methodology.

Answer 10

F (objectives)

Question 11

ETHICAL CONSIDERATION

• Anticipated risks and ———-
• Expected ———- to the subjects, et al.
• Assurance of ———- and ———-

Answer 11

• discomforts
• benefits
• confidentiality and anonymity

Question 12

SCHEDULE OF ACTIVITIES

Better presented as a

Answer 12

Gantt chart

Question 13

FORMULATING THE TITLE

TOF.
1. It is recommended to choose complex and erudite language
2. Sound research titles are written in a straightforward, uncomplicated language, easy to read and understand

Answer 13

F
T

Question 14

RULES IN MAKING A TITLE

Max of words

Answer 14

12

Question 15

From what manual states:
* title should summarize the main idea of the manuscript simply and, if possible, with style
* A title should be fully explanatory when standing alone.
* A good title is easily shortened to the running head used within the published article
* Titles are commonly indexed and compiled in numerous reference works.
* Occasionally a term such as a research synthesis or a meta-analysis or MRI study of conveys important information for the potential reader and is included in the title.
* Avoid using abbreviations in a title
* title should be typed in uppercase and lowercase
letters, centered between the left and right margins, and positioned in the upper half of the page.

Answer 15

FROM THE AMERICAN PSYCHOLOGICAL ASSOCIATION (APA) MANUAL

Question 16

From the?

• The title provides a distilled description of the complete
  article and should include information that, along with the
  abstract, will make electronic retrieval of the article sensitive
  and specific.
• Reporting guidelines recommend and some journals require
  that information about the study design be a part of the
  title (particularly important for randomized trials and
  systematic reviews and meta-analyses).
• Some journals require a short title, usually no more than 40
  characters (including letters and spaces) on the title page or
  as a separate entry in an electronic submission system.
• Electronic submission systems may restrict the number of
  characters in the title

Answer 16

THE INTERNATIONAL COMMITTEE OF MEDICAL JOURNAL EDITORS (ICMJE)

Question 17

The contents of the introduction may be remembered with the mnemonic IMRAD:

Answer 17

○ Introduction—Why did you study?
○ Methods—Who, What, When, Where and How did you study?
○ Results–What did you find?
○ And Discussion–What do the findings mean?

Question 18

The introduction consists of 5 parts

Answer 18

○ The research problem
○ Studies that have addressed the problem
○ Deficiencies/inconsistencies in the previous studies
○ The significance of the study
○ The purpose/aim of the study

Question 19

PURPOSE OF INTRODUCTION

Should consist of the:
○ Background of the problem
○ Magnitude of the problem
○ Implications of the problem

Answer 19

THE RESEARCH PROBLEM

Question 20

PURPOSE OF INTRODUCTION

• Review studies that have examined the problem
• In the review of literature found in the introduction, large
  groups of studies are summarized instead of individual
  studies.
  ○ This is in contrast to the ROL section, individual studies
  are discussed.
• The purpose of the reviewing studies in the introduction is to
  justify the importance of the study and create distinction
  between past studies and the current study.

Answer 20

STUDIES THAT HAVE ADDRESSED THE PROBLEM

Question 21

PURPOSE OF INTRODUCTION

• May exist because topics have not been explored in a
  particular group, sample or population.
• Voice of the underrepresented groups has not been
  heard in published literature.
• Flaws in the methodology, like research design, sampling
  methodology, absence of a control in clinical trial,
  inappropriate statistical tests, etc.
• Sample size may be small.
• Mention too how the present study will remedy or
  address the deficiencies.

Answer 21

DEFICIENCIES IN THE PAST LITERATURE

Question 22

PURPOSE OF INTRODUCTION

• Practical application of the study
• Improvement in the practice of the profession

Answer 22

SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

Question 23

PURPOSE OF INTRODUCTION

• State the aim or direction of the study.
• State here too your hypothesis and objectives

Answer 23

PURPOSE OF THE STUDY

Question 24

WRITING THE INTRODUCTION IN A MEDICAL JOURNAL

REMEMBER the three-paragraph rule.

Answer 24

1ST PARAGRAPH The Problem
2ND PARAGRAPH Gap in the Literature
3RD PARAGRAPH Your Hypothesis/ses

Question 25

PITFALLS IN THE INTRODUCTION

Answer 25

* Overlong and unnecessary background in introduction section * Exaggerating or understating the importance of your work. * Extensive listing of references and review * Too many objectives and not clearly stated * Inclusion of results and conclusion in the introduction section * Use of improper tenses–introduction is largely PRESENT tense