(F) Data Presentation

Question 1

1. Textual presentation
2. Using diagrams
3. Using tables
4. The sex ratio is 1:2

A. Narrative
B. Tabular
C. Graphical

Answer 1

ACBA

Question 2

1. It may be boring and may not be understandable for the readers.
2. Complex data are presented in an organized fashion.
3. In longer data content, this is not enough and not effective.
4. Either a series of lines joined together, or bars or enclosed areas, drawn to represent certain statistical information under the consideration.

A. Narrative
B. Tabular
C. Graphical

Answer 2

ABAC

Question 3

1. Performance of Section in Statistics Test
2. In-patient Ratings as to Quality of Accommodation
3. Ten leading causes of mortality in the Philippines, 1986

A. Narrative
B. Tabular
C. Graphical

Answer 3

BBC

bigblackcock

Question 4

Types of tabular presentation

Answer 4

● [A] Frequency Distribution
● [B] Correlation Data
● [C] Time Series Data

Question 5

● Commonly used tabular presentation
● Data are grouped according to some scale of classification,
where the sum of the entries is equal to the total.
● These figures may either be in actual numbers, in percent, or in
both.
● The scales used may be qualitative, quantitative, or both.
● In classifying according to a qualitative scale, an individual is put into one or another part of the scale according to some more or
less readily recognizable attribute or characteristic.

Answer 5

FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION

Question 6

1. simply working with one categorical variable
2. visual representation of the
   possible relationships between two sets of categorical data

A. one-way table
B. Two-way frequency tables
C. Multiple frequency tables

Question 7

FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION

TOF.
1. Commonly used tabular presentation
2. Male’ and ‘Female’ are considered as qualitative or categorica data which is arranged from lowest to highest
3. All qualitative data must be arranged from highest to lowest except sex category
4. Ordinal data must be rearranged from highest to lowest.
5. Data may be classified using a combined qualitative and
quantitative scale.

Answer 7

1. T
2. F (highest to lowest)
3. T
4. F
5. T

Question 8

FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION

1. The two qualitative scales can be combined and the result will still be a?
2. Combine 2 variables (Stage and Sex) called?
3. What is the name of a table where participants can select more than one response, percentages are based on the number of participants, and total percentages do not sum to 100%?

Answer 8

1. frequency distribution.
2. cross tabulation
3. Multiple response table

Question 9

• Used to compare two or more frequencies.
• Simple presentation without attempts to present rates or ratios make the data a pure frequency distribution.
• If rates or ratios are calculated and included in the table, summation of rows or columns will not give the total, hence the data lose their frequency nature but the table offers a better view of differences or correlation.

Answer 9

Correlation data

Question 10

• Variable changes over a period of time is the one being presented.

Answer 10

Time series

Question 11

1. BCG Coverage of Newborns, Region A, 1970-1976
2. Incidence of COVID-19 by Sex, City X, November 2020
3. Incidence of COVID-19 by Sex, City X, November 2020
4. Age and Sex Distribution of Covid-19 Cases, City X, November 2020
5. Performance of Section in Statistics Test

A. Frequency
B. Correlation
C. Time series

Answer 11

1. C
2. B
3. A
4. A
5. A

Question 12

1. The process of tabulation is a?
2. refers to the arrangement of any data in an orderly sequence, so that they can be presented concisely and compactly and so that they can be understood easily.
3. TOF. Complex and extensive data should be presented in a narrative format rather than in a tabular form.

Answer 12

1. process of classification.
2. Tabulatin
3. F

Question 13

Which does not belong:

A. Table Number
B. Cell
C. Stubs
D. Source
E. Description

Answer 13

E

familiarize
1: Table Number
2: Title
3: Headnotes
4: Row & Column Headings
5: Stubs
6: Cell
7: Body of the table
8: Footnotes
9: Source

Question 14

TABLE NUMBER

TOF.
2. Written in a capital letter
1. It must be written using an Roman number and never a Arabic numeral.
1. If tables are related, it must be written as 1.1, 1.2, 1.3 . It may also be written as 1a, 1b, 1c (all in small letters)
1. If your research paper includes only three tables, and they are interrelated, you should label them as a whole.
1. If your research paper involves national data and includes multiple related tables, the tables should be labeled ascTable 1.1, Table 1.2, Table 1.3, and so on.
1. A dash symbol (-) is placed before the table number

Answer 14

1. T
2. F (reverse)
3. T
4. F (in their respective no.)
5. T
6. F (after)

Question 15

TITLE

TOF
2. Title is placed after the dash and table number.
1. If the title spans two lines, it should be indented. If the title spans three lines, it should be indented further to create an inverted pyramid effect.
1. Must be placed below the body of the table
1. Content of the title: should be the What, When, and Where
1. Only the first letter of important words are capitalized.

Answer 15

1. T
2. T
3. F (above)
4. T
5. T

Question 16

HEADNOTES

TOF.
2. aka Primary Caption
1. It should be placed inside parentheses, which are usually part of the title.
1. Headnotes are included when you need to clarify something within the title, such as the unit of measurement that will serve as an indicator.
1. All tables need to have headnotes

Answer 16

1. F (secondary)
2. T
3. T
4. F (not all)

Question 17

ROW AND COLUMN HEADINGS

1. the row classifier
2. the intersection of row and column

Answer 17

1. Stubs
2. Cell

Question 18

• refers to all the cells within the table

Answer 18

Body of the table

Question 19

FOOTNOTES

TOF
2. seen below the body of the table
1. placed in the table as superscripts to clarify a data
1. Not all tables need to have footnotes.

Answer 19

True all

Question 20

SOURCE

TOF. If you create your own table, you do not need to reference a
source for it.

Answer 20

T

However, if you borrow a table from external resources or references, you should acknowledge the source.

Question 21

GUIDELINES FOR FREQUENCY TABLES

1. Be sure that the classes are mutually exclusive.
2. Include all classes, except if the frequency is zero.
3. Try to use the same width for all classes.
4. Select convenient numbers for class limits.
5. Use less than 5 classes.
6. Use 7 since we do not want a lengthy table
7. The sum of the class frequencies must equal the number of original data values.

Answer 21

1. T
2. F (zero still included)
3. T
4. T
5. F (5-20)
6. T (5-8)
7. T

Question 22

CONSTRUCTING A FREQUENCY TABLE

A. Add the class width to the starting point to get to the second limit
B. List the lower class limits in a vertical column and enter the upper class limits
C. Represent each score by a tally mark in the appropriate class
D. Decide on the number of classes
E. Determine the class width
F.Select for the first lower limit

Answer 22

DEFABC

Question 23

TABULAR VS. GRAPHICAL PRESENTATION

1. convey a simpler idea of what the statistics contain
2. TOF. the table and graph are interconnected.
3. Intended for comparison, to show any correlation, or simply for the purpose of data presentation
4. More appealing

Answer 23

1. Graphical
2. T
3. Graphical
4. Graphical

Question 24

• The real “meat” of reports, however, lies in the statistical tables. There is NO alternative to tables when large sets of detailed information is required.
• Large, complex masses of data can be presented in a simpler language such that significant trends or patterns, which could otherwise be missed in tables, can be made to stand out more clearly.

Answer 24

Graphical presentation

Question 25

TOF. The choice of the particular form of graph to be used is often a matter of personal preference.

Answer 25

T

Question 26

# GENERAL PRINCIPLES IN CONSTRUCTING GRAPHS 1. TOF. No more lines or symbols should be used in a single graph than the eye can easily follow. 2. TOF. Completely self-explanatory. 3. TOF. The position of the title for a graph is one of personal choice. In published graphs, however, the title is commonly placed below the graph. 4. When more than one variable is shown on a graph, each should be clearly differentiated by means of? 5. The diagram or graph generally proceeds from (right-left/left-right, top-bottom/bottom-top)

Answer 26

1. T 2. T 3. T 4. legends or keys 5. left to right and from bottom to top.

Question 27

# GENERAL PRINCIPLES IN CONSTRUCTING GRAPHS 1. TOF. No more coordinate lines should be shown than are necessary to guide the eye. 2. This should be drawn heavier than other coordinate lines. 3. This is generally represented on the vertical scale, with method of classification on the horizontal. 4. TOF. Table must be arranged from highest to lowest. 5. used in naming the graph followed by the Arabic number, followed by the dash, and the title of the figure (first letter of the important words are capitalized)

Answer 27

1. T 2. Scale 3. Frequency 4. T 5. Figure

Question 28

* a graph that has a distance between the bars * the space between two bars should be half the height of the bar * Height of the bar = 1 cm * Height of the space = 0.5 cm * May contain coordinate lines that serve as the guide * Preferably presented from highest to lowest

Answer 28

Horizontal bar graph

Question 29

* a graph used for quantitative discrete variables * discrete values are whole numbers (solo values) * should not have fractions and decimals * usually follows an ordinal order or ranking

Answer 29

Vertical bar graph

Question 30

* a graph used for qualitative variables * The division of a pie chart should involve at least three variables. * The entire pie chart represents 100%, as it displays percentage values for a qualitative variable. * This should always be arranged from highest to lowest, starting at the 12 o'clock position. * Arrangement can be either clockwise or counterclockwise. * Even if ‘Others’ has the greatest percentage, it should be positioned at the end of the chart. * "Others" represents the total percentage of combined variables, essentially grouping various smaller categories into one. * It should not be used if values exceed 100.

Answer 30

Pie Graph

Question 31

* A chart with a similar function to a pie chart, but with the added advantage of comparing two variables. * This graph is used to compare variables, with both components of the bar representing 100%. * It allows for side-by-side comparison of two variables, making it easy to visualize the differences between them at a glance.

Answer 31

Component bar

Question 32

* This are used as identifiers, typically through patterns or colors, to label the pie chart elements

Answer 32

Legends

Question 33

* A chart that connotes quantitative continuous variables * If the class intervals are uniform, the bars will be placed directly next to each other. * If the intervals are irregular, such as 1, 4-5, or 7-10, the bars will have varying widths due to the uneven class intervals.

Answer 33

HISTOGRAM

Question 34

* A chart that connotes quantitative continuous variables * It is created by plotting the midpoints of each class interval on the x-axis and their corresponding frequencies on the y-axis. * Then, the points are connected by straight lines. * Similar to a histogram but uses points and lines instead of bars.

Answer 34

FREQUENCY POLYGON

Question 35

* A line graph is often used when one of the variables is time, making it synonymous with a time series graph. * It shows trends over time, illustrating how a variable changes or progresses at different points in time. * This type of graph is particularly useful for analyzing patterns or trends related to time.

Answer 35

Line graph

Question 36

used to correlate two quantitative variables (quantitative variable x and y)

Answer 36

SCATTER DIAGRAM

Question 37

# Scatter diagram 1. occurs when an increase in the value of x results in an increase in the value of y. 2. occurs when an increase in the value of x results in a decrease in the value of y. 3. means the data points are randomly dispersed, without any clear pattern or trend

Answer 37

1. Direct or positive relationship 2. Inverse or negative 3. No relationship

Question 38

# Parts of a graph Ex. A. Title B. Vertical or horizontal axis C. Legend D. Headnotes E. Body of a graph

Answer 38

D

Question 39

# GRAPH COMMONLY USED IN RESEARCH DATA Identify the nature of variable 1. Bar graph 2. Histogram 3. Frequency Polygin 4. Line diagram 5. Bar diagram 6. Scatter point

Answer 39

1. Qualitative or Discrete quantitative 2. Continuous quantitative 3. Continuous quantitative 4. Time series 5. Qualitative 6. Quantitative

Question 40

TOF. Graphs not only quickly inform us; they can quickly deceive us.

Answer 40

T

Question 41

Graphical presentation used 1. Ten leading causes of mortality in the Philippines (1986) 2. Distribution of infants according to the no. of illnesses for the Year 3. Maternal deaths by main causes, PH

Answer 41

1. Horizontal 2. Vertical 3. Pie graph

Question 42

4. Births by type of attendant: NCR vs Region 5. Lengths of 84 infants at birth in cm 6. Morbidity rates of four notifiable diseases, PH

Answer 42

4. Component bar 5. Histogram 6. Line graph 7.

Question 43

# GRAPH COMMONLY USED IN RESEARCH DATA (QUALITATIVE) 1. For comparison of absolute or relative counts, rates, etc. between categories of a discrete quantitative variable 1. Shows the breakdown of a group or total where the number of categories is not too many (3 to 5 variables) 1. Same as Pie Chart — often used to compare two variables side by side

Answer 43

1. Bar graph 2. Pie chart 3. Component Bar Diagram

Question 44

# GRAPH COMMONLY USED IN RESEARCH DATA (QUANTITATIVE) 1. Graphic presentation of the frequency distribution of a continuous variable or measurement including age groups 1. Same as Histogram – but uses lines instead of bars 2. Shows trend data or changes with time or age with respect to some other variable 1. Correlation data for two quantitative variables in x and y axis

Answer 44

1. Histogram 2. Frequency polygon 3. Line diagram 4. Scatterpoint

Question 45

This can lead to misinterpretation or distortion of the data

Answer 45

Shrinking or stretching of graphs

Question 46

The larger appearance of legends may suggest a larger population, while smaller legends may imply a smaller population. However, this can lead to misunderstandings by readers due to the distortion of?

Answer 46

picture graphs

Question 47

Gain or lose 1. reader's attention 2. examine numeric detail 3. see additional relationships 4. focus on bigger picture 5. reach readers who are easily intimidated

Answer 47

1. Gain 2. lose 3. lose 4. gain 5. gain

Question 48

# Exercises * Data on Age and income per month

Answer 48

○ Histogram: Age (x axis), Income (y axis) ○ Scatter plot: comparing quantitative two variables

Question 49

# Exercise Distribution of cholesterol levels of hypertensive individuals

Answer 49

○ Narrative: only one average data may be stated in narrative form (e.g., 6.07 mmol/L) ○ Histogram: quantitative continuous variable

Question 50

# Exercise Budget distribution for materials needed for natural disaster preparedness

Answer 50

○ Pie chart: since variables represents 100% ○ Component Bar graph may also be used

Question 51

# Exercise Distribution of students as to place of practice and gender

Answer 51

○ Statistical Map: best choice to use ○ Component Bar Graph: for comparison of female and males ○ Spot Maps

Question 52

# Exercise Frequency Distribution of Weight of students

Answer 52

○ Histogram ○ Frequency polygon

Question 53

# Exercise Pre and post test scores of Stat 200

Answer 53

○ Bar Graph ○ Two (2) Separate Histograms

Question 54

# Exercise * Average lifespan of Asians by country * Episodes of colds per year of health professionals

Answer 54

Bar graph

Question 55

# Exercise Mean age of students enrolled in Stat 200

Answer 55

Narrative

Question 56

# Exercise Distribution of students as to favorite color/s

Answer 56

○ Multiple response table ○ Bar graph