PASS 2024 Flashcards
(211 cards)
1
Q
What are the 5 functions of the Skeletal system?
A
- Framework and Structure for supporting the body
- Facilitating movement
- Protection, especially of vital organs
- Blood cell production
- Store Minerals
2
Q
Describe how the skeletal system provides framework and structure for supporting the body
A
The Skeletal system forms the body’s framework, providing essential structure and stability, crucial for maintaining posture, balance and coordination. For example, the large bones of the lower limbs, such as the femur and tibia, bear the body’s weight, which supports the trunk while standing, walking or running.
3
Q
Describe how the skeletal system facilitates movement.
A
The skeletal system provides levers and anchors for muscles to pull against. The muscles, connective tissue and bones form a part of a movement relationship, allowing the body to move in controlled and predictable movement patterns; for example running and throwing.
4
Q
Describe how the skeletal system allows for protection, especially of our vital organs.
A
Bones of the skeletal system protect vital organs. For example, the ribcage protects the lungs, the sternum protects the heart, the skull protects the brain and the vertebrae protects the spinal cord.
5
Q
Describe how the skeletal system allows for blood cell production.
A
Red and White blood cell production occurs within the bone marrow of bones and is created to aid bodily functions. Red blood cells transport oxygen in haemoglobin and important nutrients to our organs and tissues. Red blood cells also carry Co2 back to the lungs for exhalation. White blood cells are important for fighting infection and disease.
6
Q
Describe how the skeletal system allows for the storing of minerals.
A
Bones in the skeletal system store essential supplies of minerals, mainly calcium. Calcium maintains bone density and allows blood to clot and muscles to contract. When the body is calcium deficient, it relies on the calcium stored in the bones to replenish levels in the bloodstream. This makes the bones brittle and prone to injury and over time, can lead to osteoporosis.
7
Q
Name the main bones in the skeletal system: https://www.purposegames.com/game/label-the-skeleton-game
A
https://www.purposegames.com/game/label-the-skeleton-game
8
Q
What makes up the skeletal system?
A
Bones, cartilage, ligaments and tendons.
8
Q
What are the external functions of the skeletal system
A
Structure, movement and protection of our vital organs.
9
Q
How many bones does the adult body have?
A
206
10
Q
What are the internal functions of the skeletal system?
A
Blood cell production and storing of minerals
11
Q
Outline the role of the Appendicular skeleton
A
The appendicular skeleton includes 126 bones which make up our upper and lower limbs and include bones such as the humerus, radius, femur and tibia. The main function of the appendicular skeleton is facilitating movement. For example, the femur in the legs works with muscles, joints, the tibia and the fibula to allow for movements such as running and walking. The bones in this part of the skeleton also store and make red and white blood cells as well as other important nutrients in the bone marrow of bones. Similar to the axial skeleton, the appendicular skeleton also provides a framework for our bodies.
12
Q
Outline the role of the Axial Skeleton
A
The axial skeleton includes 80 bones divided into the skull, vertebral column, and thoracic cage regions. The axial skeleton is important for the protection of vital organs such as the brain, heart, lungs and spinal cord. This skeleton also provides shape and framework for our body and therefore provides a stable platform for many movements. For example, it supports the head and neck, allowing for movements such as bending, twisting and nodding.
13
Q
Outline what joints are and their role in the human body
A
A joint is a place where two or more bones meet. Almost every bone in the body has formed at least one joint with another bone. Joints facilitate movements and allow for stability by increasing compression across the joint surface at the moment of loading.
14
Q
All joints are put into three categories, what are these categories?
A
Fixed joints (unmovable) - Synarthrosis
Cartilaginous joints (slightly movable) - Amphiarthroses
Synovial joints (freely movable) - Diarthroses
15
Q
Explain cartilaginous joints
A
Cartilaginous joints provide small and limited movement of bones. The most common example is the vertebral column. The vertebral column is the joining of the vertebra through fibrous cartilage, called vertebral discs, in an ‘S’ shape to protect the spinal cord.
16
Q
Explain fixed joints
A
Fixed joints are two joints where no movement is possible due to no connective tissue like ligaments and tendons but instead fibrous connective tissue. An example is the bones in the skull, which protect the brain.
17
Q
Explain synovial joints
A
Synovial joints allow for maximum movement and help us with day-to-day activities. Examples are the joints in the hips, knees and elbows.
18
Q
Synovial joints are the most common type of joint in the body and can be classified into 6 types. What are these 6 types?
A
- Ball and Socket Joint
- Hinge Joint
- Condyloid joint
- Saddle Joint
- Pivot joint
- Gliding Joint
19
Q
What are the features of all synovial joints?
A
- A membrane that lines the outside of the joint
- Contain synovial fluid
- Rely on ligaments
- Include cartilage
20
Q
What movements do the Condyloid joint allow for? And what are some examples of this joint?
A
Facilitates the movements of flexion, extension, adduction, abduction and circumduction. Examples include the wrist joints.
21
Q
What movements do the ball and socket joint allow for? And what are some examples of this joint?
A
Ball and Socket Joints facilitate the movements of flexion, extension, adduction, abduction, rotation and circumduction. Examples of this joint include the hip and shoulder joints.
22
Q
What movements do the Hinge joint allow for? And what are some examples of this joint?
A
Facilitates the movements of flexion and extension. Examples include the joints in the elbows, knees and fingers.
23
Q
What movements do the saddle joint allow for? And what are some examples of this joint?
A
Facilitates the movements of flexion, extension, adduction, abduction and circumduction. Examples include the joint where the thumb joins the hand.
24
What movements do the pivot joint allow for? And what are some examples of this joint?
Facilitates the movement of rotation. Examples include the atlas and axis in the neck and the radius and ulna in the forearm.
25
What movements do the gliding joint allow for? And what are some examples of this joint?
Facilitate a slight sliding movement. Examples include the bones in the wrist and vertebrae.
26
Outline the function of long bones and an example of this type of bone.
- To be a rigid rod for muscle attachment and to facilitate a wide range of movements.
- Examples include the Femur and Tibia
26
What are the 5 types of bones
1. Long bones
2. Short bones
3. Flat bones
4. Irregular bones
5. Sesamoid bones
27
Outline the function of short bones and an example of this type of bone.
- To facilitate flexibility and support with little movement
- Examples include carpals, tarsals and patella
28
Outline the function of flat bones and an example of this type of bone.
- To protect vital organs and act as an attachment to muscles
- Examples include the sternum, ribs, clavicle and scapula.
29
Outline the function of irregular bones and an example of this type of bone.
- To perform different functions including; attachment for muscles, movement, protection of nervous tissue, and maintaining support.
- Examples include the pelvis and vertebrae
30
What are ligaments?
A fibrous connective tissues that connects bone to bone and keep the stabilised.
30
Outline the function of sesamoid bones and an example of this type of bone.
- To minimise friction, increase the strength of associated muscles and support tendons from the wear and stress of movement.
- Examples include the patella
31
What is synovial fluid?
A type of viscous fluid found in the joint capsule of synovial joints. Its function is to absorb shock and reduce friction.
32
What is the synovial membrane?
The soft-tissue membrane that lines the inner surface of synovial joint capsules and makes synovial fluid.
33
What are tendons?
A fibrous connective tissue that connects muscle to bones and allows for movement of bone or bone structure and stabilises us.
34
What is cartilage?
A rubbery substance that prevents bones from rubbing together
35
What are the three types of muscles in the body?
1. Smooth
2. Cardiac
3. Skeletal
36
Name the main muscles in the muscular system. https://www.purposegames.com/game/label-the-muscles-game
https://www.purposegames.com/game/label-the-muscles-game
37
Outline smooth muscles
They are found in the walls of blood vessels and the digestive system. Because these muscles cannot be controlled, they are known as involuntary muscles. They maintain blood pressure/flow and control the involuntary movement of most organs present in the body. For example, smooth muscles in the stomach and intestine aid digestion.
38
Outline cardiac muscles
These muscles are found only in the heart. These are involuntary muscles that contract and relax causing the heart to beat.
39
Outline skeletal muscles
This type of muscle is attached to the skeleton and causes movement when they contract and relax. These are known as voluntary muscles. Skeletal muscle cells are long and thin and are called twitch fibres. The most important types of physical activity are fast and slow twitch fibres.
39
Outline fast twitch fibres
Fats twitch muscle fibres are important for fast and short exercise. For example, an elite-level sprinter would have a higher proportion of fast-twitch muscle fibres.
39
Outline slow-twitch fibres
Slow twitch muscle fibres are important for long-duration and slow-to-medium-paced physical activity. For example, middle-distance and long-distance runners usually have a greater ratio of slow twitch muscle fibres.
40
What are the 5 functions of the muscular system?
1. Locomotion, Balance and Posture
2. Absorption of shock and heat
3. Breathing
4. Protection of internal organs
5. Digestion
41
Describe how the muscular system provides locomotion, balance and posture.
Skeletal muscles enable voluntary movements, allowing us to walk, run and perform daily activities. Muscles also work to maintain balance and posture, ensuring we can stand upright and move efficiently. For example, the leg muscles such as the quads and hamstring and core muscles such as the external oblique engage during walking to keep the body structure.
42
Describe how the muscular system absorbs shock and heat
Muscles play a crucial role in absorbing impact during physical activity, helping to protect our joints and bones from injury. Additionally, muscle contractions generate heat - about 85% of our warmth - vital for maintaining body temperature.
43
Describe how the muscular system allows for breathing
The muscular system is essential for respiration. The diaphragm and intercostal muscles between the ribs, contract to expand the chest cavity, allowing air to flow into the lungs and for efficient breathing.
43
Describe how the muscular system allows for protection of internal organs
Muscles provide a protective layer for vital organs. For example, the abdominal muscles protect the stomach and intestine and the pectoralis major protects the heart and lungs.
44
Describe how the muscular system allows for digestion
Smooth muscles in the stomach and intestine involuntarily contract through a process called peristalsis. This allows food to efficiently travel through our bowels and aids digestion and nutrient absorption.
45
Describe what a flexion movement is and demonstrate an example.
Bending or decreasing the angle at a joint.
Demonstrate example: Extend one arm and bend it up towards the body. Such as doing a bicep curl.
45
The body is capable of 8 movements. What are these 8 movements?
1. Flexion
2. Extension
3. Adduction
4. Abduction
5. Dorsiflexion
6. Plantar flexion
7. Circumduction
8. Rotation
46
How does muscle movement occur by moving joints?
Skeletal muscles are arranged in pairs around joints, allowing for the movement of joints in both directions. For a muscle to move a joint it must span the joint and be attached to the bones on both sides of the joint. Muscles are attached to these bones by tendons. For example, a muscle needs to be attached to the lower and upper arm to bend the elbow.
47
Describe what an extension movement is and demonstrate an example.
Straightening or increasing the angle at a joint
Demonstrate example: Straightening a bent knee. Such as kicking a soccer ball.
48
Describe what an abduction movement is and demonstrate an example.
Moving a body part away from the body's midline
Demonstrate example: Stand straight and then move one leg out to the side. Such as when doing a starjump.
48
Describe what an adduction movement is and demonstrate an example.
Moving a body part towards the body's midline
Demonstrate example: Stick on leg out to the side of the body and bring it back together with the other leg. Such as when doing a starjump.
49
Describe what a dorsiflexion movement is and demonstrate an example.
Moving the toes towards the shin bone
Demonstrate example: Do a hamstring stretch or flex your foot towards you shin
50
Describe what a plantar flexion movement is and demonstrate an example.
Moving the toes away from the shin bones
Demonstrate example: Point the toes towards the ground
51
Describe what a circumduction movement is and demonstrate an example.
Moving a joint in a circular motion
Demonstrate example: Rolling arm in circular motion such as bowling in cricket
52
Describe what a rotation movement is and demonstrate an example.
Turning or twisting a bone along its axis
Demonstrate example: Moving head side to side. Another example is a ballet dancer doing a pirouette.
53
Outline posture and how your muscles work even when you do not think they are
Even when standing still, your muscles are still working to maintain posture. Postural muscles constantly contract and relax to keep your body balanced. For example, what happens to your head while you're nodding off to sleep while sitting. Postural muscles are also vital in sports. They stabilise one part of the body while others move. For example, during a push-up, the muscles in the back and abdomen hold your body straight. They also help absorb impact and stabilise your joints.
54
Outline what the agonist muscle is
The muscle that is causing the movement
55
Outline what the antagonist muscle is
The muscle relaxes so that movement can occur
56
NOTE: (Flip)
Muscles are arranged in pairs so that if one muscle
moves a body part in one direction, another can move it
back. Looking at the elbow joint as an example, the
pair of muscles are the biceps and triceps. The biceps
muscle is positioned at the front of the upper arm, and
the triceps muscle is positioned at the back of the
upper arm.
The two muscles work as a pair, so that when the biceps
is contracting to cause the elbow to flex, the triceps
is relaxing. In this example, the bicep is known as the
agonist, or prime mover, and the triceps is known as
the antagonist.
57
When you extend one knee what is the agonist and antagonist muscle?
Agonist: Quads
Antagonist: Hamstring
58
When you stand on your toes what is the agonist and antagonist muscle?
Agonist: Gostrocnemius
Antagonist: Tibialis anterior
59
What are the three types of contraction?
1. Isometric contraction
2. Isotonic contraction
3. Isokinetic contraction
60
Outline what Isometric contractions are
The muscle develops tension but there is no change in the length of the muscle. For example, pushing up a closed door.
61
Outline what Isotonic contractions are
The muscle develops tension and there is a change in the length of the muscle. These contractions are either eccentric (muscle lengthens) or concentric (muscle shortens.) For example doing a biceps curl.
62
Outline what isokinetic contractions are
The muscle changes length while maintaining constant tension throughout the entire movement. This requires special equipment to ensure the tension remains steady across the full range of motion.
63
What are the three major components of the circulatory system?
- The heart
- Blood
- Blood vessels
64
What are the 4 chambers of the heart
Right atrium, left atrium, right ventricle and left ventricle
65
What are the 4 valves in the heart
Tricuspid, mitral, aorta and pulmonary valve.
66
What are the functions of valves?
Valves ensure blood flows in only one direction by opening and closing tightly, preventing backflow and maintaining efficient circulation throughout the body.
67
Label the main parts of the heart. https://www.purposegames.com/game/the-heart-quiz
https://www.purposegames.com/game/the-heart-quiz
68
Describe the flow of blood through the heart beginning with deoxygenated blood.
Begins with deoxygenated blood
1. Deoxygenated blood enters the heart through the superior and inferior vena cava
2. Blood then flows into the right atrium, then the right ventricle and is pumped through the pulmonary artery to the lungs
3. The lungs now oxygenate this blood
Oxygenated blood:
4. Oxygenated blood returns to the heart via the pulmonary vein, entering the left atrium
5. Blood then moves to the left ventricle
6. Finally, the blood is pumped out through the aorta to circulate throughout the body
69
What are the 3 components of blood?
- Plasma
- White blood cells and platelets
- Red blood cells
70
What is the functions of Plasma
Carries nutrients, hormones, and proteins to the parts of the body that need it and removes waste from cells.
71
What is the functions of platelets
Used for blood clotting for example forming scabs to stop bleeding.
72
What is the function of red blood cells?
Red blood cells transport oxygen in haemoglobin and important nutrients to our organs and tissues. Red blood cells also carry Co2 back to the lungs for exhalation.
73
What are the three types of blood vessels
- Arteries
- Veins
- Capillaries
74
What is the function of white blood cells?
Form part of the immune system by identifying and attacking pathogens.
75
What is the function of blood vessels?
Blood vessels allow blood to be transported throughout the body.
76
Explain how arteries, veins and capillaries work together to transport blood around the body.
Blood is pumped from the heart through the aorta and travels through the arteries to the body. It then reaches capillaries, the smallest blood vessels, where nutrients are delivered to cells and waste is collected. Veins carry the waste back to the heart where it is sent to the lungs for re-oxygenation
77
Outline the features + role of Arteries
- Carries oxygen + nutrients
- Pumps blood around the body
- Has elastic walls
78
Outline the features + role of veins
- Carries Co2 and waste
- Thinner walls
- Valves to prevent blood going backwards
78
How can the amount of blood pumped by the heart be measured?
Heart Rate (HR) x Stroke Volume (SV) = Cardiac Output (CO)
79
Outline the features + role of capillaries
- Diffusion between cells - O2 to cells and Co2 out from cells
79
NOTE: (flip)
When exercising, the cells within the body produce more waste and the heart must beat faster to quicken the return of blood for oxygenation.
80
What is stroke volume (SV)?
The amount of blood pumped out of the left ventricle per beat
81
What is heart rate (HR)?
The amount of times the heart beats in one minute
82
What is Cardiac Output (CO)?
The amount of blood pumped per minute
82
NOTE: (flip)
The average person has HR 70, SV 80 and CO 5600. This is lower for elite athletes.
83
What is the body's immediate response to physical activity? Explain why the respiratory and circulatory systems play a vital role in the body's ability to participate in physical activity.
The body's immediate response to physical activity includes an increase in heart rate and deeper, faster breathing. These changes, driven by the circulatory and respiratory systems, are essential for exercise. The circulatory system delivers more oxygen-rich blood to muscles while helping maintain homeostasis. Controlling oxygen and carbon dioxide levels and stabilising pH in active tissues. On the other hand, the respiratory system supplies oxygen and removes waste such as Co2, ensuring muscles get the energy they need and helping maintain performance by ensuring physical activity.
84
Outline how the circulatory system allows for nutrient transportation
Blood carries important nutrients to cells throughout the body, providing energy and essential materials for growth, repair and daily function.
84
List the functions of the circulatory system
1. Respiration
2. Nutrient transportation
3. Waste removal
4. Immunity
5. Celluar communication
6. Thermoregulation
84
Outline how the circulatory system allows for waste removal
Transports waste products like CO2 and toxins to the lungs, kidneys and liver to prevent dangerous accumulation.
85
Outline how the circulatory system allows for respiration
The circulatory system delivers oxygen to cells and throughout the body and removes Co2.
86
Outline how the circulatory system allows for cellular communication
Transport hormones and signal molecules. This facilitates cellular communication and maintains homeostasis.
86
Outline how the circulatory system allows for immunity
Eliminates pathogens and fights disease through white blood cells and antibodies.
86
Outline how the circulatory system allows for thermoregulation
By adjusting blood flow amount and speed to the skin, the circulatory system maintains internal temperature.
87
Outline how the respiratory system works
The respiratory system consists of the airway including the nose, mouth, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi and bronchioles which carry air to the lungs with the help of respiratory muscles such as the diaphragm and intercostal muscles. Within the lungs, tiny air sacs called alveoli are surrounded by capillaries filled with carbon dioxide. Through diffusion, oxygen replaces the carbon dioxide in the alveoli, as both gases move from areas of higher to lower concentration. The oxygen is now transported via the bloodstream to the body's cells, while carbon dioxide is sent back through the airway and exhaled into the atmosphere.
87
Label the main parts of the respiratory system. https://www.purposegames.com/game/respiratory-system-labeling-interactive-game
https://www.purposegames.com/game/respiratory-system-labeling-interactive-game
87
What are the three major components of the respiratrory system?
- The airway
- The lungs
- Muscles of respiration
87
What is expiration?
The diaphragm relaxes, causing the chest cavity to decrease in size. This pushes air out of the lungs and back through the airway. When this expiration occurs, carbon dioxide is expelled from the body.
88
What is inspiration?
When the diaphragm receives an impulse, it contracts and flattens, expanding the chest cavity. This creates a vacuum that pulls air into the lungs through the airway. As the lungs fill with air, diffusion occurs Co2 is removed and oxygen is transported into the bloodstream.
89
Outline the function of gas exchange
Through a process of diffusion, oxygen enters the bloodstream and carbon dioxide is exhaled.
89
List the functions of the respiratory system
1. Gas exchange
2. Regulation of PH levels
3. Support during exercise
4. Protection
5. Talking and Smelling
89
Outline the function of talking and smelling
The respiratory system is composed of the larynx which allows for talking and the nasal passage, which allows for smelling.
90
Outline the function of support during exercise
During exercise, the respiratory system increases the rate and depth of breathing to meet the higher oxygen demand t working muscles. This, in turn, allows for the reduction of lactic acid as more oxygen is available for aerobic metabolism.
90
Outline the function of regulating PH levels
Through removing Co2, the PH level of blood is regulated
90
Outline the function of protection from illness
Pathogens are eliminated and prevented through mucus production, cilia in the respiratory tract and nose and sneezing and coughing.
91
Outline/list the features of the
ATP - PC energy system.
- Stands for Adenosine Triphosphate and Phosphocreatine
- Is a chemical reaction where ATP breaks down into ADP and PC to create energy.
- This happens in the muscles without the use of oxygen (Anaerobic)
- It is fueled by phosphate creatine
- It supplies limited energy
- Lasts up to 10 seconds
- Fatigue occurs when phosphate creatine runs out
- There is no waste produced
- Recovery time of 2 minutes
- Good for exercise such as 100m sprints and throwing/jumping events.
91
Outline/list the features of the Lactic Acid System
- Uses glycogen stored in muscles to break down ATP for energy
- No oxygen required (Anaerobic)
- Is fueled by glycogen
- Supplies limited energy
- Lasts from 30 seconds to 3 minutes
The cause of fatigue and waste of this form of energy is lactic acid
- Recovery time is 20 minutes to 2 hours
- Best for 400-800m runs, soccer, hockey, 100m swim
92
When exercising, the body is constantly working to supply muscles with enough energy to keep contracting, but the way energy is made available to the muscles changes depending on the specific intensity and duration of the exercise. There are 3 types of energy systems, what are they?
- Aerobic system
- Lactic acid system
- ATP - PC
93
Explain how we obtain energy from the food we eat as a part of the aerobic system.
For movement to occur, in the human body, chemical energy in the food we eat is converted into mechanical energy. For this to occur chemical energy is converted into a high-energy molecule called ATP. The energy we get from good comes from three sources: Carbohydrates, fats and protein.
Carbohydrates are the preferred fuel for muscle contraction and energy. Carbohydrates are found in foods such as bread, pasta and rice. They can be used immediately or stored for later use.
Fats are the secondary energy source, particularly used during low-intensity exercise. Fats are found in food such as nuts, avocado and fish. They are used when carbohydrates are depleted.
Protein is used when carbohydrates and fats have been used. Protein found in meats, fish and eggs is used once broken down into amino acids and then converted into glucose for energy. However, it has a complex metabolism and less efficient energy yield so it is only used as a last resort
94
Outline/list the features of the Aerobic system
- Carbohydrates, fats and as a last resort - protein, break down into glucose
- Oxygen is present (Aerobic)
- Fueled by food
- Unlimited energy for ongoing periods
- Fatigue is caused when body uses up the energy from food
- Waste include Co2 and water in the form of sweat
- Recovery time is 24 - 48 hours
- Best for long-distance, marathons, triathlons and Tour de France
94
List the features of the Anaerobic and Aerobic systems.
Anaerobic:
- Does not require oxygen
- Provides quick bursts of energy for a short period
- Relies on stored ATP and glucose from chemical reactions
- Usually produces lactic acid as a byproduct
Aerobic:
- Requires oxygen
- Provides energy for longer, low-intensity activities
- Uses energy from the food we eat - carbohydrates fats and proteins.
- Usually produces Co2 and water in the form of sweat as a byproduct
95
Explain what ATP is
Adenosine-tri-phosphate (ATP), put simply is our body's energy that comes from the three systems previously outlined. ATP is too large of a molecule for our body to carry around so it must be synthesised when we need it.
ATP synthesis comes from burning nutrients with oxygen present or chemical reactions where there is no oxygen present.
95
Identify the 4 goals of hydration
1. Keeps body cool
2. Delays fatigue and maintains mental sharpness
3. Satisfies thirst and prevents weight loss
4. Improves your ability to recover quickly
96
Why do we sweat during exercise?
We sweat during exercise to help cool down the body. As muscles work harder, they generate heat, raising our body temperature. Sweating releases moisture onto the skin, and as it evaporates, it removes excess heat, helping to regulate body temperature and prevent overheating.
96
What are the initial symptoms of dehydration?
- Thirst
- Chills
- Muscle pain
- throbbing heart
- headache
- Clammy skin
97
What functions of the body are impacted by dehydration?
The ability to mentally focus and maintain muscle function.
97
What are the two key tips for hydration?
- For every one pound lost during exercise you need to replenish your body with at least 2 cups of water
- Never deprive yourself of water to lose weight
97
Explain why athletes involved in sports such as ice hockey and the NFL need their hydration levels closely monitored.
Because they wear protective gear which reduces the body's ability to sweat and cool itself.
98
Explain why teens and children need to be especially careful to drink enough fluids
Teens and children get hotter easily and sweat less compared to adults, therefore they do not tolerate extreme heat well and need to be careful and ensure they are drinking enough fluids. They also have a lower cardiac output.
99
identify some of the factors influencing the amount of sweat lost during physical activity.
- Temperature
- Humidity level
- Body size
- Length of activity
- Intensity of activity
- Age
100
Why is water important?
Water is vital for cell function, temperature control, and transporting nutrients and waste. It is lost through sweat, breathing and excretion. Dehydration can be life-threatening as many body processes depend on water to function. Proper hydration maintain overall health and optimum temperature.
100
What are the three types of drinks used during sport for rehydration?
- Isotonic drinks
- Hypertonic drinks
- Hypotonic drinks
101
Outline what isotonic drinks are and provide an example
The most commonly consumed sports drinks. Replaces fluids and carbohydrates lost during intense exercise lasting over 60 minutes. They typically don't contain electrolytes. Examples include Gatorade and Powerade.
101
NOTE: (flip)
Alcoholic drinks work as a diuretic - promote fluid loss
102
Outline what hypertonic drinks are and provide an example
These drinks are high in carbohydrates and provide lots of energy, but are absorbed slower than water. They are mainly suited for endurance athletes. Examples include Red Bull, coke and lemonade.
103
What skills do you need for planning an event
Flexibility, grit, visual planning, attention to detail, innovation is driven, all-rounder, collaboration, patience and positivity.
104
Outline what hypotonic drinks are and provide an example
These drinks contain less sugar and are quickly absorbed, making them ideal for rehydration during shorter, less intense activities. They provide little energy but are important and quickly replace lost fluids. An example is Lucozade sport hydro active.
105
What is it important to be aware of when coordinating an event?
- Costs
- Items of expenditure
- Be able to make on-the-spot decisions if problems arise
- Use resources efficiently
105
There are several models to select from when organising an event. Determining which model to use depends on what factors?
- Objectives of the tournament e.g. to determine a winner or to promote participation
- Participants' characteristics such as age or disability
- Available facilities
- Time constraints
- Type of event
106
106
What are event manager able to do?
- Develop, plan and implement short-term and long-term goals
- Manage and administer event staff members
- Organise and facilitate planning sessions
- Develop and effectively communicate the relevant policies
- Coordinate and inform all stakeholders
- Establish and maintain systems and procedures
- Coordinate and produce reports about the event
107
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107
108
What are common formats for sporting events?
- Knock out
- Round robin
- Pools
- Carnival of events
- Handicapping and seeding
- Tabloids
- Expeditions
109
Outline what round robins are and their advantages and disadvantages
Round robins are competitions where a team plays all the other teams an equal amount of times. Then sometimes the top teams progress to finals to find a winner. If no finals are played, then the team with the most wins is the winner.
Advantages:
- Participation is maximised
- A fair way to determine a winner
- Often get to play teams again
Disadvantages:
- Takes longer to complete
- More facilities needed
- Difficult if there are a large number of teams
110
What is the most important part of running a successful event?
Planning
111
NOTE: (flip)
Planning is the most important part of running a successful event. Event managers need to address planning elements such as booking, advertising and fundraising well in advance so planning can commence as soon as possible. A detailed management plan that includes a timeline schedule of what needs to be done and by whom is also important. An evaluation should always be done after the event to identify mistakes or issues that needs to be addressed and improved for next time.
111
The event is broken into 3 sections for planning, what are the 3 sections?
1. Before the event
2. During the event
3. Requirements after the event
112
Outline what planning needs to occur before the event
The event manager needs to organise meetings and times to liaise with their team to make sure everyone is doing their tasks. The minutes of all meetings are to be recorded and distributed to all involved to ensure communication channels are open and tasks are set clear.
113
Outline what planning needs to occur during the event
This is the busiest stage of managing any event where efficient training and delivery are vital. To ensure the event runs as smoothly as possible, staff members and volunteers should be motivated and responsible in their roles. Scheduled programs must run on time. Public address systems must be operational and procedures in place for the running of the given event, and transport for staff and competitors. A list of activities is helpful for all to follow and if necessary a program of events.
114
Outline what planning needs to occur after the event
There are still many tasks to complete once the event has concluded. A debriefing session is required where aspects of the event are discussed and evaluated and any mistakes or issues are identified and solved to improve the event for next time.
115
Financial planning and budgeting are essential in event management. To undertake effective financial planning, event managers must what?
- Identify all known costs
- List all the items of expenditure
- List all the hidden costs
- Set aside a contingency plan to meet any unforeseen costs
- List any direct income, such as money received at the gate to the event
- List any indirect income, such as income from event sponsors
116
Event promotion is essential to attract people to an event, whether they are to be spectators, officials or participants. Promotion and marketing are crucial when any event is being publicised, and anyone who is involved in them must:
- Price the event appropriately
- Advertise effectively for the right demographic
- Use a variety of media to publicise the event e.g. social media
- Promote recognition of the event and/or the event's reputation
- Ensure that the event runs as smoothly as had been promised
117
In the evaluation of an event, it is also common for a SWOT analysis to be done. What does this stand for?
Strength
Weaknesses
Opportunities
Threats
117
List some examples of promotional materials
- Advertisement
- Brochures and leaflets
- Posters
- Point -of-sale items
- Merchandising
- Newsletters
- Social media
- Emails and websites
- Media releases
118
List some of the roles in event managing
- Event manager
- Marketing Manager
- Venue manager
- Event designer
- Publicist
- Event coordinator
- Creative director
- Volunteer Coordinator
119
NOTE: (flip)
Sport has always been a prominent part of Australia’s
uniqueness, and continues to play a significant role in
defining Australia’s social and cultural identity.
Australia’s overall love of watching and/or playing sport,
from backyard cricket to Olympic and Paralympic glory,
defines the nation.
As a young country, having success on the sporting field,
especially on international platforms like the Olympics
and world championships, puts Australia on the map. By
Australian athletes thriving on the world sporting stage,
Australia is recognised and commended on its sporting
ability and attitude. Other countries recognise
Australia for its sporting ability, the nation is proudly
unified to celebrate this international identity.
120
List the positives sport brings to ordinary Australians.
- Encourages participation
- Motivates people to have a go
- New and improved facilities
- New jobs available
- Improves physical fitness and well-being of Australians
- Build communities
- Personal development, including building resilience, teamwork and friendships.
121
Many sporting moments shape Australia, what are some examples?
- Steven Bradbury wins gold at the 2002 Winter Olympics
- Cathy Freeman wins gold in the 400m at the 2000 Olympic Games.
- Matildas 2023 World Cup Shootout win against France
- Mens Cricket World Cup 2023
- The AFL swans won in 2005 and broke their 72-year drought.
122
List some of the positives that have come from the growth of professional sports in Australia.
- Inspiring role models that encourage participation
- Highlights and embraces differences such as Paralympic participation or cultural identity through cultural integration
- Boosts Australian economy
- International recognition
- Facilities
123
List some of the positives that have come from the media in sport.
- Encouraging participation - especially of women
- Explains the game to those unfamiliar with how to play
- Increases various sports exposure
- Allows more people to watch sports and stay up-to-date
- Introduced night games
- Increased funding
- Enhanced entertainment through storytelling, editing and higher quality images/videos
124
List some of the negativess that have come from the media in sport.
- Intrudes athlete's privacy
- can undermine people's confidence/career
- Showcases negative values/behaviours
- Usually biased and/or misleading
- Puts pressure on athletes which affects performance
- Incite distrust and prejudice between certain groups
- Reduced live spectator attendance
125
List how sport has changed since the beginning of Australian sport
- More culture
- Indigenous Australians have increased their participation
- More experience/success, allowing for Australia's growth as a sporting nation
- Atmosphere change - more people involved and supporting
- Higher women involvement rates
- More equality - changes made by government and authorities
- Introducing new sports e.g. table tennis and volleyball
- Increased participation
- Media coverage + technological advancements
- Spectator interests have changed
- More professional + better facilities
126
List the reasons for these changes in sport
- Migration
- Acceptance of other cultures
- Visibility of Indigenous players has increased
- New sports becoming popular
- Population changes
- Advertising online
- Television rights
- Spectator interest increased
- Elite athlete success
- Changed made by government and authorities to make sport more inclusive
127
List how sport has helped shape Australia.
- Identity
- Culture
- Well known for
- Community building
- Health and wellbeing
Economic impact: generate revenue, create jobs and boost tourism
128
Describe the introduction of sport to Australia
- Sport emerged in colonial times and mostly reflected the culture of British migrants. For example, horse racing, boxing and 'cock' fighting.
- Sport remained very much in its infancy
- During the 19th century, sports focused on manliness and adhering to Christianity
- By the mid 1850s team sports had become prevalent. Cricket and football had been brought over by British migrants.
- During this time, the sport was a mix of 'friendlies' and competitive matches
- A significant milestone in Australian sport was the
emergence of Australian football, a uniquely Australian
game. Developed in 1859, it constituted a branching away
from British influences.
- Immigration was a dominant factor in the development of new sports. For example, migrants from Europe brought athletics, tennis and cycling.
- During the second half of the 19th century international sporting competitions were introduced.
- International competition increased as Australia participated in the first Olympics held in Athens, where two gold medals were won.
- During the 20th century, Australia continues to enhance their sporting ability. The second half of the 20th century, specifically 1949-1966, was a 'golden era' for Australian sport. Australia had considerable success and the journey to where the nations sporting identity is today was finalised.
- In 1980, the government introduced the AIS in Canberra which enabled Australians to develop their skill and progress in the sporting world
- During the 21st century, Australia has continued to grow and excel in a range of sporting including swiming, basketball, netball, football, cricket and surfing.
129
Why is Australia dominant in those sports
- Much of the reason Australia excels in these areas is because of the accessibility to training resources. For example, Australians are good at swimming and surfing due to the availability of water and beaches.
- Australia also excels due to being known as a sporting nation and therefore there are high participation rates from a young age. This allows people to excel and fosters vast talent. This high level of talent and widespread participation encourages the use of government expenditure towards sporting resources - further enhancing Australia's sporting strength.
- Colonial Britain brought sports such as cricket, rugby and football to Australia during the 19th century, which allowed Australia to excel and develop skill early on.
129
In which sports are Australia dominant?
- Soccer, cricket, swimming, AFL, Rugby league, athletics, netball, surfing, hockey, golf and gymnastics.
130
Why has Australia lost dominance in these sports?
- Other countries have surpassed Australia
- Less funding/investments
- Decrease in the number of young children's participation. For example, cricket has seen a decline due to the length of each game
- Well-known players/legends have retired
- Lack of public interest in supporting/watching the sport
130
What does reform at a community and elite level include?
- New competitions
- Offering more funding
- Implementing school programs
- Clearer pathways to pursue careers in sport
- Creating a sporting culture that suits the social context and individual interests of the community
130
In which sports have Australia lost dominance?
Tennis, men's soccer, and although still dominant, cricket have lost the dominance they used to have.
131
Explain the contribution to sport at a local identity
Local identity is often achieved when successful sporting competitors are associated with the town they originated from. For example, Donald (Don) Bradman, was known as ‘the boy from Bowral’.
Many communities bond by way of participation in community and state competitions.
Regardless of the size of the competition, the spectators strongly associate themselves with their chosen team and enjoy a sense of pride when their team is successful.
The concept of local identity is illustrated in the NRL State of Origin matches, which are between New South Wales and Queensland. These games took place in 1980 and were the start of the formation of intense state rivalry.
Because competitions in sports such as rugby league and
Australian football has expanded, and cities and regional areas
have had the opportunity to support teams that are unique
to their area. For example, Central Coast Mariners FC is a soccer team
that plays in the A-League. Central Coast residents support the team with a strong sense of local identity.
132
Explain the contribution to sport at a national identity
Countries strive to gain a sense of national identity through sport, especially in Australia with it being a sporting nation. From colonisation to ongoing success in the
international sporting arena, sport has always been part of Australia's national identity.
Australian governments
have recognised this fact and have directed significant time,
money and expertise towards the achievement of success at an
international level. For example, funding
for local clubs and schools, the creation of the Australian Institute of Sport (AIS), and representative opportunities throughout the school and junior sporting teams.
Australia has become a dominant nation in international
competitions such as the Olympics, Commonwealth Games
and world championships. Australia has also enjoyed success in
traditional sports such as cricket, tennis, field hockey and
rugby. To measure Australia's success more
accurately, the ‘global’ game of soccer can indicate
Australia’s sporting ability. The Socceroos’ qualification for the 2018 FIFA World Cup and the
More recent 2023 Matilda's penalty shoot-out win over France to make the semi-finals of the women's FIFA World Cup illustrates Australians’ passion for winning, drive to achieve and ambition to provide all Australians with a sense of national pride.
133
Describe the importance of the AIS
The AIS has been extremely beneficial in the Australian sporting world. The AIS was established in Canberra in 1981. This was done to address the lack of resources in the pre-existing sports system. The AIS provides high-level coaching, opportunities, systematic training, state-of-the-art facilities, scientific support, recovery and talent dentition. These efforts have significantly improved Australia's international sports performance and contributed to our sporting excellence. The AIS is also important for snow sports training which is challenging to do due to the lack of access to snow in Australia.
133
NOTE: (flip)
Emergence of specific groups:
Sport in colonial Australia was participated in by men only. As Australia developed as a nation and
sport became embedded in our national identity, sport was widened to encompass groups that
had originally been excluded. Women, people with disability, Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander
peoples, and various other minority groups emerged as competitive sporting groups.
134
Describe the introduction of people with a disability to sports
Sports for people with disability have existed for more than 100 years, with modified versions of traditional sports created to meet their needs. After WWII, rehabilitation programs encouraged servicemen with injuries to participate in "adapted sports", turning injury treatment into competition. A man named Sir Ludwig Guttmann believed in the therapeutic benefits of sports for those with disability and founded the Stoke Mandeville Games for patients and the Stoke Mandeville Hospital. This later became the Paralympic Games.
135
Describe the introduction to women in sports
Sport in colonial Australia was male-dominated; women’s subordination was reflective of the
strong patriarchal social order of the times. Women were deterred from participating in physical
activity and were relegated to spectating. They were marginalised and seen as the 'fair sex'. As time passed, ways of thinking
were slowly expanded and women were slowly allowed to participate in sport. By the 1970s women were heavily involved in various sports - the same as men. Now every year there is a huge growth in women's sports. Each year brings bigger crowd figures, new competitions, increased television coverage and new records being set. This has been seen recently where systematic barriers and excuses to not air women's sports have been out ruled by their extensive success. Despite this success, women in sports still occupy less prominent roles and receive less media coverage than men. Research shows that female athletes earn, on average, 20% less than their male counterparts and women's sport only receives about 4% of sports media coverage.
136
Describe the introduction of Indigenous Athletes to sports
Indigenous Athletes were first made more widely able to participate in sports in the 1970's. Despite facing challenges such as racism, socioeconomic disadvantages, geographical disadvantages, and lack of resources and nutrition, Indigenous athletes have risen above these issues and become notable sporting legends. Athletes such as Cathy Freeman, Adam Goods, Anthony Mundine and Ash Barty shaping Australia's sporting identity.
137
Describe the impact of major sporting events and competitions
Hosting a major sporting event can result
in many economic, social and cultural
benefits, and raising a city’s profile
can lead to lasting economic benefits.
This raised profile can be important in
bringing economic benefits, such as
increased tourism and business investment.
A significant benefit is the long-term
investment that results from the preparation
for a major event, in that the host city
or country will have a legacy of improved
sporting venues. Also, the city will
usually have to invest in infrastructure
and transport to cater for the resultant
influx of people.
Major sporting events such as the
Olympics entail a surge in visitors,
athletes and media representatives, who
are the source of an injection of money
into the local economy.
138
List some Pros of hosting an international sporting event
- Boost tourism
- More money injcted into economy
- Facil;ities + transport
139
List some cons of hosting an international sporting event
- Facilities not used
- Aftermath (destruction +pollution)
- Costs
140
Outline Politics in sports
Sport is a major part of many countries, so it is inevitably somewhat political, as noted in the Olympic Games hosting process. This involves three steps:
Lodge a formal proposal to the International Olympic Committee (IOC).
Evaluation of the proposal and visits to the potential host cities to evaluate their proposals.
The evaluation commission gives its opinion and recommendation. IOC members vote by a series of elimination rounds until a winner is announced.
Even after this process, the Olympic games have a large political aspect. For example, the three consecutive Olympic boycotts in the 1970s and 1980s. Over this period, 28 countries were boycotted in the 1976 Olympic Games, 62 in 1980 and 14 in 1984.
In addition, Sport entails political elements at a national level, where politicians have recognised the benefits of associating with high-profile athletes and the sports they participate in. Politicians can often be seen at large sporting events to benefit themselves by presenting themselves as ‘typical Australians’ whom members of the public can relate to via the interest the two parties have in common.
141
List some pros of politics in sport
- Stop doping/cheating
- Funding + facilities
- Inclusivity laws
- Ensures human rights are not violated
142
List some cons of politics in sport
- Can disadvantage athlete if they can't participate if their country is banned
- Corruption, bribery and scandals. e.g. Qatar 2022 FIFA World Cup
- Sometimes biased and misuse
143
Australia’s sporting identity is influenced by factors such as the media, politics, players, spectators,
officials, sponsorship and the various cultures that are united in Australia. These factors play an
important role in the shaping of behaviours in sport and attitudes to sport and are defining factors in
relation to our national identity. One of the most notable factors is the diverse range of sporting cultures and cultural influences. This can be split into three major categories. What are these categories?
- Settlement
- Immigration
- Indigenous
144
Outline how settlement influenced Australia's sporting identity
British settlers introduced a range of sports in Australia that remain prominent today. Sports such as cricket, the rugby codes, football, hockey and netball were introduced in Australia and continue to be played today in both domestic competitions and international competitions.
145
Outline how immigration influenced Australia's sporting identity
Post-World War II immigration introduced diverse cultures and new sports to Australia. Existing sports also flourished, notably Eastern European weightlifting and gymnastics. Asian sports like judo, taekwondo, table tennis, and badminton gained prominence too.
146
Outline how the inidiegnous population have impacted Australia's sporting identity
Australia’s Indigenous population makes a significant contribution to Australia’s sporting identity.
Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people excel in sports, with high-profile athletes serving as role models promoting these activities in their communities.
Sport Australia (SPORTAUS) has targeted 16 sports and developed programs for improving Indigenous people’s access to sports, creating cultural awareness by highlighting traditional pastimes, and forming sporting pathways for talented Indigenous athletes.
147
Explain the Media in sport
Sporting information is communicated to the
Australian public by various media. In the early stages of sport in Australia, technology for communicating sport-related information was limited. For example, in 1876, the news of
Edward Trickett’s sculling championship took three weeks to reach Sydney fans. As technology developed, media coverage
as a new means of communication became more efficient. Four thousand people viewed the 1861 Melbourne Cup but as a result of various technologies the race
is now accessed by a global audience of 900 million people. Social media has a significant influence on several organisations, communities and individuals in society as well as sports. It is becoming the norm for local clubs, sporting organisations and professional athletes to have a public social media profile through which they promote their sport, share key messages and sporting success to the community/followers.
This is advantageous to remain relevant in the community, recruit new players into local teams and
clubs, or form a fan base to support a high-profile team. This includes advertising, for example, for national teams, merchandise/apparel, live games and individual player achievements.Social media is heavily scrutinised by the public. At the professional level, social media can be used to announce player injuries, team compositions and ladder updates. Importantly, such announcements need to
be credible, accurate and trustworthy.Media representatives have an important role in the shaping of behaviours and attitudes in
relation to sport in Australia.
Media representatives also strongly influence female participation. Historically, sport has been a
male-dominated activity, and sport featuring men continues to dominate most types of spectator
sport. The media coverage of the sports tends to be male-oriented, which can reinforce the perception that these sports are ‘unfeminine’. Sports such as
netball, hockey, gymnastics and swimming are portrayed as being acceptable for women whereas
coverage of women’s rugby union and cricket, although increasing, remains well below their
male counterparts. On a business level, media organisations have recognised the value of sport and how sport attracts a large audience, or readership, in relation to all types of media. They attract advertising and sponsorship revenue to make profits for their owners and their shareholders. However, sports can also harm the athletes. It can often intrude on the athlete's personal lives and provide misleading, biased and hurtful headlines in newspaper articles and videos for instance. For example, it is argued that the media blew the recent scandal involving Sam Kerr way out of proportion. Reports on this incident failed to deal with the story with grace, humanity and a real interrogation of what racism means. Despite occurring many years ago and Kerr not causing any major harm, Headlines read “Sam Kerr trial over racially aggravated harassment charges set for 2025” As a result, this put her career in jeopardy and was extremely misleading. Additionally, the pressure of the media can often affect the performance of athletes. This is best seen in the Olympics. The media pressures gold medals only and often claims that the athletes underachieved when they received silver or bronze. The media also places high expectations that can have a negative psychological impact on the athlete. Another negative aspect of the media is its effect on decreasing the live attendance audience as online is seen as easier and cheaper.
148
Describe the impact of high profile athletes.
Whether high profile athletes like it
or not, they are viewed by many in the
community as role models both on and
off the field. This attracts praise
and admiration when behaviours and
performances are at their best, and
often criticism and public humiliation
when they behave poorly. Professional
athletes can have a significant impact,
particularly with children who might
be influenced to engage in sport or
emulate behaviour or unique techniques.
In the wider community, they may use
their influence to advocate for causes,
act as ambassadors for charities or
secure sponsorship.
149
NOTE: (flip)
An example of a positive impact by a high-profile athlete is NBA player Lebron James who opened I Promise school in his hometown to provide education to underprivileged children.
150
Explain the role of spectators in sport
Spectators are the supporters and fans of the players, team and sporting code who promote the game and find enjoyment in watching the sport. Professional and high-level sport at national and international levels is supported and funded through spectator involvement.
At a national level, people can associate with a local club and
find a sense of community within sport. This can encourage people to be more involved in sports; for example, improved participation rates, people going to live games, and the purchase of merchandise.
Ultimately, the role of spectators is to encourage the team from the sidelines, show interest follow their results, and promote the game in the community. In turn, the team or sport becomes known in the
community, and hopefully, the fan base will grow. International sport calls on a more broad sense of community. The people of Australia are the
spectators of the sports that represent the country; for example, the Australian men’s national
cricket team or the Australian Swim Team. Some Australians follow national teams by attending international events, while others watch on TV, stream online, or follow scores through live commentary or social media.
Anyone can be a spectator of a sport, therefore,
Australia’s sporting identity is built on the spectators and their support for sport.
151
What are the social implications that sport brings that affect individuals and communities?
- Reformed community attitudes
- Greater support and participation
- Athletes becoming role models for young people
- Adopting resilience and persistence in the face of adversity
152
What is professionalism?
If role models do not demonstrate professionalism on and off the field and do not demonstrate values that align with spectators, people may choose a different sport to support
153
NOTE: (flip)
- Participation rates in local communities are important as they indicate representative opportunities available. Without participation, opportunities are not fulfilled and therefore not given.
- If players and spectators deem a sport unsafe they may be hesitant to participate or support the game
154
Explain the economic implications of sport
Australia’s performance in international sporting events can have significant economic implications, for example, sponsorship and funding opportunities. Sponsorship is reliant on the profile of the sporting performance. From sponsoring the athlete's uniforms to television advertising during the breaks of games, Businesses and corporations can build or keep strong brand awareness. Their financial
contributions for such coverage can help
individual athletes and teams to buy
uniforms, pay for equipment and resources,
and contribute to travel costs.
If athletes don't perform internationally, people lose interest and switch to other sports, leading sponsors and advertisers to follow larger audiences.
The Australian Government plays a significant role in contributing economically to sport through taxpayer funds and providing grants to athletes at all levels. For example, Sport Australia's Local Sporting Champions grants financial assistance for coaches, officials and competitors aged 12-18 of $500–$750 when participating in captions with significant travel requirements. This in turn encourages participation by limiting financial barriers.
155
Explain the current and future perspectives of sport in Australia
Individualised sports and fitness activities are on the
rise. People are fitting sport into their increasingly
busy lifestyles to help achieve their personal health objectives.
Over the past decade, participation rates in aerobics,
running and walking, as well as gym memberships, have all
risen sharply, whereas participation rates for many organised
sports have either held constant or declined.
Rather than commit to a regular organised sporting event, people are
increasingly opting to go for a run wearing headphones and
carrying their phone when the opportunity arises.
There will continue to be a rise in lifestyle, adventure and
alternative sports that are especially popular among
younger people. These sports typically involve complex,
advanced skills and have some element of inherent danger
and/or thrill-seeking. They are also characterised by a strong
lifestyle element, and the participants often gain cultural
self-identity and self-expression by participating in them.
In the case of children and adults, sport is effective in
helping to reduce the rising rates of obesity and chronic
illness. If managed appropriately, sport can be an effective
mechanism for helping achieve social inclusion for members
of marginalised groups and for reducing the crime rate.
It can help connect with other countries and support aid, peace, development, and foreign policy goals.
Australia is facing an ageing population. The result
will be changes in the types of sports we play and how
we play the sports. Indications are that Australians are
embracing sport into their old age. If strong participation
rates are to be retained, senior citizens and Australia’s
multicultural makeup will both have to be catered for in
the sports of the future.
156
Explain how the emergence of new sports plays a role in the future perspective of Australian sport
Adventure sports have become popular in Australia as people seek excitement beyond daily life. Outdoor recreation has grown due to better safety, lower costs, and easier access for participants.
Following is a list of popular adventure sports that are available to the general public:
abseiling
ballooning
bike riding
bushwalking
canyoning
caving
hang gliding
horse riding
kayaking
paintball
parasailing
sailing
scuba diving
sky diving
snowboarding
snow skiing
surfing
water skiing
wakeboarding
whitewater sports.
Most of these adventure sports have been commercialised; that is, companies have been set up
to run adventure sports as a business, intending to make a profit.
Adventure sports have become more professional and safer due to better technology and knowledge. They are now more accessible, with activities like whitewater rafting, water skiing, and go-karting available at theme parks in urban areas, allowing more people to participate without needing special equipment or resources.
Australia's sporting identity is evolving with the rise of adventure, lifestyle, and extreme, and alternative sports. These sports involve danger or thrills and require advanced skills. Participants, especially young people, often find cultural self-identity and expression through them.
International organisations, like those running the Olympic and Paralympic Games, have recognised the growing interest in adventure sports. After evaluating logistics, demand, and spectator interest, they sometimes include these sports in the Olympics. The number and type of Olympic events change over time, with the IOC adding sports that are widely practised worldwide. In Australia, local, state, and national associations support participation in these sports, with athletes progressing from local clubs, like karate centres, to state and national competitions.
157
NOTE: (flip)
Throughout history, people with disability have been treated differently from those who conform to or fit societal norms. In the past, people with disability were often institutionalised, were rarely integrated into mainstream schools and suffered disadvantages and a lack of acceptance in the community. There was little or no access to physical activities and sports for those with disabilities.
158
List some reasons why there was little or no access to physical activities and sports for those with disabilities.
- Lack of facilities
- Lack of opportunities to participate in sport
- Transport issues
- Classifications
- Modify equipment/courts/fields
- Discrimination
- Stereotyped
- Institutions not created
- Minority group
159
There has been a gradual change in perspectives of the disabled in sports, outline why.
Since the late 1960s, there has thankfully been a favourable, but gradual change in the way communities view people with disabilities. Some of the actions that contributed to this change included a range of legislation and policies, that promoted the rights of people with disability and saw increased integration into the community. Inclusion in the school system increased awareness and acceptance. The increased educational and vocational opportunities have enabled people with differences to read their potential and lead fulfilling lives.
160
List the 4 main sporting opportunities disabled people are offered
1. Paralympics
2. Special Games
3. The Deaflympics
4. The Invictus Games
160
List the benefits of regular physical activity for those with disability.
- Important for health and reducing risk of lifestyle-related disease
- Improved mental health and well being - dopamine
- Boosted social life + meet new people
- Boost confidence
161
NOTE: (flip)
Part of this change included greater access to sports and physical activities which were initially for rehabilitation. Over time these games were modified for greater participation and enjoyment. These games also elevated public awareness and recognition of the talent and strengths of those with disability. As a result, these games inspire other disabled people, provide disabled people with opportunities on an equal playing field and raise awareness which in turn limits stereotypes.
162
Outline the Past challenges of disabled people
often the disability itself - such as vision, hearing, physical or intellectual impairments was viewed as an insurmountable barrier to participation in sport and physical activity. Because of this lack of understanding, there was no education and training about how to include people with disability. This led to discrimination against people with disability and it was seen as 'too difficult' to find solutions to promote inclusion and provide access. There was also a common belief and misunderstanding that people with disability were very limited in what they could do. Another difficulty has been the lack of access to coaches and available resources. This is especially harmful as 97% of sport is down to the volunteers. There has also been a stigma associated with disability, which meant they were often viewed as not real competitors and their events were not seen as real sports.
163
Outline what Disability Sports Australia is
- National disability sports organisation dedicated to fostering inclusive sports and active lifestyles for all Australians with disability
- Not just about fitness and sports but enhancing daily life and physical function.
164
Explain the changes overtime
Over time, many changes have been made to physical activity and sports to enhance participation. There has been a significant shift of perspective in relation to involving those with a disability, with an emphasis on inclusivity and access. This has involved providing equitable inclusion and opportunities, accessibility and participation of those with disability in a range of activities. Inclusion and participation are a result of educating those responsible for providing sporting opportunities - organised sporting groups, coaches, trainers, and teachers - about modified sports that cater specifically to people with disability within sports, games and activities. Adjustments often include rules and equipment modification to meet the needs of those with a disability, such as wheelchair basketball. By modifying the rules of common games and aspects such as field size, ball possession, goal size/height, and game length, people with disability will be much more likely to participate in physical activity and sports, as they feel supported, included and confident.
165
NOTE: (flip)
Many modifications have been made to physical activities and sports to ensure an inclusive environment, where those with disabilities can fully participate without fear and judgement. There are many modified sports that promote participation, as their disabilities are no longer seen as limitations. Instead from part of a level playing field where they can compete or play against each other in a safe and supportive environment.
166
Explain adaptive mountain biking as a modification
Answer in book
167
Evaluate this strategy:
Aim to keep activities as cost-effective as possible
Answer in book
168
List some factors influencing peoples participation in sport
Answer in book
169
List and explain 4 Benefits of physical activity for those with disability
Answer in book
