Pass medicine questions Flashcards
(34 cards)
give an example of an absolute contraindication to insertion of copper IUD?
pelvic inflammatory disease
pre-eclampsia
pregnancy induced hypertension associated with proteinuria
risk factor for pre-eclampsia
- Aged 40 years or older
- Nulliparity
- Pregnancy interval of more than 10 years
- Family history of pre-eclampsia
- Previous history of pre-eclampsia
- Body mass index of 30kg/m^2 or above
- Pre-existing vascular disease such as hypertension
- Pre-existing renal disease
- Multiple pregnancy
medication to suppress lactation
- dopamine receptor agonist
- inhibits prolactin production
- causing suppression of lactation
para (parity)
indicates number of pregnancies reaching viable gestational age
including livebirths and still births
number of fetuses does not determine parity
Ectopic pregnancy typical history
A typical history is a female with a history of 6-8 weeks amenorrhoea who presents with lower abdominal pain and later develops vaginal bleeding
Sheehan syndrome is…
- women who lose large volumes of blood during pregnancy
- or have severe low blood pressure
- body deprived of oxygen
- pituitary gland starved of oxygen
An example of a bacteria which causes group b streptococcus
- streptococcus agalacticae
why does endometrial hyperplasia develop?
due to presence of unopposed oestrogen
oestrogen stimulates endometrial growth while progesterone stimulates shedding of this tissue
what medication is associated with development of endometrial hyperplasia?
- tamoxifen
- used for oestrogen receptor positive breast cancer
polycystic ovarian syndrome is characterised by…
- irregular periods / absent periods
- hirsutism
- acne
- infertility
Acanthosis nigricans is…
skin condition that causes a dark discoloration in body folds and creases
It typically affects the armpits, groin and neck.
being overweight, T2DM, PCOS can cause acanthosis nigricans
Main counselling point patient must be aware of regarding taking progestogens?
hormone replacement therapy
increased risk of breast cancer
If the patient has not had a hysterectomy, their HRT regime must include…
and why
- HRT regime should include oestrogen and progestogen
- this is because unopposed oestrogen therapy causes hypertrophy of the uterus
- and a 5-10x increased risk of endometrial carcinoma
features of endometrial cancer
post menopausal bleeding
any change in bleeding
pain and discharge
first line investigation for endometrial cancer
transvaginal ultrasound
mechanism of action of metformin in PCOS?
- increases peripheral insulin sensitivity
adenomyosis is…
- presence of endometrial tissue in myometrium
- best imaging technique is MRI
- CT not good because it lacks ability to differentiate between different tissue types
Hysterosalpinography is used for imaging of…
- uterine lining and fallopian tubes
Folic acid (B12) helps prevent…
- neural tube defects in baby
- such as anencephaly, and spina bifida
normal laboratory findings in pregnancy include:
- reduced urea
- reduced creatinine
- increased urinary protein loss
as a result of increased perfusion to kidneys
CA125 - ovarian cancer
CA 19-9 - pancreatic cancer
CEA - Bowel cancer
AFP - liver cancer and germ cell tumours
HER2 - breast cancer receptors
CA125 - ovarian cancer
CA 19-9 - pancreatic cancer
CEA - Bowel cancer
AFP - liver cancer and germ cell tumours
HER2 - breast cancer receptors
bleeding that persists for the first 2 weeks following giving birth is known as ….
lochia
lochia
- vaginal discharge containing blood mucous and uterine tissue
- may continue for 6 weeks after childbirth
