Past Paper Flashcards
(25 cards)
List 5 factors that influence the amount of feed an animal can consume (5 marks)
Body weight – Larger animals consume more feed than smaller ones.
Physiological stage – Pregnant, lactating, or growing animals need more feed.
Palatability of the feed – Tastier feeds increase intake.
Environmental temperature – Cold increases intake; heat reduces it.
Health status – Sick animals may have reduced appetite
Explain the factors to consider when formulating a ration for animals (15 marks)
*Species of the animal
Different animals (e.g., poultry vs. cattle) have different digestive systems and nutritional needs.
Example: Poultry need high-energy feeds, ruminants can utilize fibrous feeds.
*Age and stage of growth
Young, growing animals require more protein and minerals than adults.
Example: Calves need milk replacers and protein-rich feeds.
*Physiological status
Pregnant or lactating animals have increased nutrient demands.
Example: Lactating cows need more energy and calcium.
*Production objective
Whether for meat, milk, eggs, wool, or work determines feed type and quantity.
Example: Layers require more calcium for egg shell formation.
*Available feed resources
Use locally available, affordable, and accessible feeds to reduce cost.
Example: Use of maize bran or cotton seed cake in Uganda.
*Feed quality and nutritive value
Choose feeds rich in digestible nutrients and low in toxins or contaminants.
Example: Avoid mouldy feeds that can cause aflatoxicosis.
*Palatability of feed
Animals must find the feed appealing in taste, smell, and texture.
Example: Molasses can be added to improve taste.
*Cost and economics
Balance cost with nutritional value to ensure profitable production.
Example: Using non-conventional feeds like brewer’s waste to cut cost.
*Feed conservation and storage conditions
Ensure feeds are stored in dry, clean places to prevent spoilage.
Example: Silage or hay should be properly preserved.
*Animal health status
Sick animals may need specialized rations or supplements.
Example: Dewormed animals absorb nutrients better, so plan rations accordingly
List 6 classes of animal feeds based on nutritive value (4 marks)
Energy feeds
Protein feeds
Mineral supplements
Vitamin supplements
Roughages
Additives (non-nutritive)
What considerations are made when mixing animal feeds? (6 marks
Ensure balanced nutrients
Correct proportions of ingredients
Avoid contamination
Mix thoroughly for uniformity
Use clean equipment
Follow proper storage to avoid spoilage
Precautions to ensure uniformly mixed animal feeds (10 marks)
Weigh ingredients accurately
Mix ingredients of similar particle size
Use an appropriate mixer
Mix for the correct duration
Prevent dust formation and spoilage
Challenge feeding – explanation (5 marks)
Challenge feeding involves giving extra feed to animals, especially lactating or egg-laying ones, to encourage higher productivity beyond normal requirements. It’s often used with high-producing dairy cows or laying hens.
Difference between non-nutritive feed additives and anti-nutrients (5 marks)
Non-nutritive feed additives: Substances added to feed that don’t provide nutrients but enhance performance (e.g. antibiotics).
Anti-nutrients: Natural substances in feeds that reduce nutrient utilization or are harmful (e.g. tannins).
Examples of non-nutritive feed additives and their uses (10 marks)
*Antibiotics eg penicillin and coccidiostats
*Anti oxidants eg Santoquine to prevent destruction of unsaturated fats and vitamins A and E
*colors eg xanthophylls gives egg yolk color
*hormones eg.synorex increases rate of weight gain
*buffers to prevent change in ph
*Binders eg sodium bentonite used in pelletier
*sweetners,molasses
List 3 non-conventional feedstuffs used in Uganda (3 marks)
Brewers’ waste
Banana peels
Cassava leaves
Brewers waste,treatment and animals give.
Treatment: Sun-dried or fed wet after proper storage to avoid spoilage.
Animal: Commonly used for pigs and dairy cattle.
Banana peels( treatment and animals)
Treatment: Chopped and mixed with other feeds or dried to reduce moisture.
Animal: Fed to pigs and goats.
Cassava leaves:(treatment and animals given)
Treatment: Wilted or dried to reduce cyanide levels.
Animal: Fed to goats and cattle.
Under what circumstances would you advise a farmer to preserve and use preserved forages for feeding animals (11 marks)
During dry seasons when fresh pasture is scarce.
For zero-grazing systems where animals are not allowed to roam.
To reduce feed costs by storing surplus grass/hay during rainy seasons.
To ensure consistent feed supply throughout the year.
To maintain milk/meat production levels when fresh forage is unavailable.
To avoid overgrazing and conserve the environment.
To reduce wastage of excess forage during peak seasons.
To feed sick or weak animals with soft, palatable forage like silage.
When transporting animals or under confinement.
When using crop residues like maize stover or sorghum stalks.
To store high-nutrient feeds like legumes that improve animal performance.
List 5 anti-nutrients known to you and the feedstuffs where they are found (5 marks)
Tannins (sorghum grain)
Soyin(soya beans)
Trypsin inbitor(soya bean)
Cyanide(cassava)
Oxalate (cabbage)
How is tannins treated
Pre germinate or soak for 2 days
How is soyin treated?
Heat ,roast
How is trypsin inhibitor treated?
Heat roast
How is cyanide treated ?
Fermentation, drying
How is oxalate treated
Cook
List 5 reasons why animals require to be fed (5 marks)
growth and development
For maintenance of body functions
For reproduction and fertility
For production (milk, meat, eggs)
For resistance to diseases and body immunity
Using examples, explain at least 7 actions that must be avoided when feeding animals (7 marks)
Feeding mouldy or spoiled feeds – causes disease.
Overfeeding – leads to obesity or feed wastage.
Underfeeding – causes poor performance and weakness.
Feeding unbalanced rations – leads to deficiencies or toxicity.
Feeding at irregular times – causes stress and poor intake.
Not providing clean water – affects digestion and metabolism.
Sudden diet changes – can cause digestive upset.
What is a feed allowance?
The amount of feed provided to an animal within a specific period, usually daily, to meet its nutritional requirements based on body weight, production level, and activity
What is the importance of using feed allowances on a big market-oriented farm? (6 marks)
Ensures animals receive enough nutrients for maximum production.
Prevents feed wastage.
Helps monitor and control feed costs.
Maintains uniform growth rates and body condition.
Supports record keeping and feed planning.
Improves profitability and efficiency.
Why water should be given to animals as part of feeding? (10 marks)
Aids digestion and absorption.
Regulates body temperature.
Helps in metabolism of nutrients.
Maintains blood volume and circulation.
Supports milk production in lactating animals.
Prevents dehydration and stress.
Flushes out toxins and waste from the body.
Softens feeds and improves palatability.
Necessary for enzymatic activities.
Promotes overall animal health and productivity.
