Past paper Questions Flashcards

Question

Explain the formation of a corrie. You may wish to use an annotated diagram or diagrams in your answer.

Answer 1

Glacier formation includes  snow accumulates in north facing hollows (1 mark) when more snow falls in winter than melts in the summer (1 mark)  north/north-east facing slopes are more shaded so snow lies longer (1 mark) with accumulated snow compressed into neve and eventually ice. (1 mark) Processes include  plucking (1 mark) when ice freezes on to bedrock, pulling loose rocks away from the backwall (1 mark)  abrasion (1 mark) when the angular rock embedded in the ice grinds the hollow (1 mark)  frost shattering/freeze thaw weathering(1 mark) when water in cracks in the rock freezes, expands and contracts weakening the rock until fragments break off. (1 mark) Corrie  Glacier moves downhill due to gravity (1 mark)  Bergschrund crevasse opens up at the back of the hollow (1 mark)  this allows meltwater and rock fragments to get to the base of the glacier increasing erosive power (1 mark)  the weight of the glacier pushes down causing rotational sliding, (1 mark) which over deepens the hollow (1 mark)  friction causes the ice to slow down at the front edge of the corrie, (1 mark) allowing a rock lip to form which traps rain water (1 mark)  an example is Brown Cove. (1 mark)

Answer 2

Description of pattern of ocean currents in Atlantic may include  currents follow loops or gyres, (1 mark) clockwise in the Northern Atlantic (1 mark)  warm currents travel from the equator towards the Poles (1 mark) for example The North Atlantic Drift (1 mark)  cold currents return cool water from the poles (1 mark) for example The Labrador. (1 mark) Explanations may include  ocean currents are greatly influenced by the prevailing winds (1 mark) with energy being transferred by friction to the ocean currents (1 mark)  land masses like North America divert ocean currents (1 mark)  due to differential heating and/or salinity, (1 mark) density differences occur in water, (1 mark) resulting in chilled polar water sinking, (1 mark) spreading towards the Equator and displacing warm water pole wards (1 mark)  the Coriolis effect deflects currents to the right in the Northern Hemisphere. (1 mark)

Answer 3

 low temperatures lead to slow decomposition (1 mark)  coniferous needles and cones produce acidic (mor) humus (1 mark)  high precipitation leads to leaching (1 mark) which is the downward movement of the aluminium and iron oxides (1 mark), this leads to formation of an iron pan between the A/B horizons (1 mark)  this iron pan may impede drainage causing water logging (1 mark)  eluviation leaves an ash grey A horizon (1 mark)  illuviation leads to a reddish brown B horizon (1 mark)  limited soil biota leads to well defined horizons (1 mark)  found on steep slopes, this further encourages leaching (1 mark)  shallow roots mean limited absorption of deep leached minerals (1 mark)  shallow roots also mean limited nutrient recycling. (1 mark)

Answer 4

 census is a survey carried out every 10 years (1 mark)  each householder is asked to complete a detailed questionnaire about the number of people living in their home (1 mark)  householders answer other questions on their social, economic and cultural background (1 mark)  civil registration of births, deaths (1 mark) provides an up-to-date count between censuses (1 mark)  Scottish Household Survey is a continuous survey(1 mark) based on a random sample of the population (1 marks) which is cheaper than carrying out a full census (1 mark)  governments also collect data on migration, for example visa applications (1 mark) and NHS records provide health data. (1 mark)

Answer 5

 new tenement style housing has been built to create a community spirit (1 mark)  high rise flats demolished due to damp antisocial conditions (1 mark)  all the houses were architecturally designed with some of the houses representing the area’s heritage (1 mark) which attracted people with a higher income to move to the area increasing the social and economic mix (1 mark)  public art has been used on the housing to help improve the attractiveness of the area (1 mark)  a new leisure centre was built to improve life expectancy in the area (1 mark)  the Legacy Hub (1 mark) is a new and improved community centre to meet the demands of the community (1 mark) it includes every day services such as dentist and a café (1 mark)  housing associations receive government grants to build more affordable housing (1 mark)  new energy efficient homes built (or refurbished) to lower energy bills (1 mark) for example Athletes village in Dalmarnock. (1 mark)

Answer 6

 the Mumbai Urban Traffic Project (1 mark) relays live images from traffic junctions to police headquarters (1 mark) allowing for real time adjustments of traffic signals (1 mark) which are synchronised to help commuters catch green lights to increase traffic flow (1 mark)  the cameras also pick up broken down vehicles and accidents allowing them to be dealt with quickly (1 mark)  the railways have been improved by adding new tracks and stations (1 mark)  500 new eco buses have been purchased to reduce pollution (1 mark)  a monorail has been built to provide an affordable alternative for commuters (1 mark)  the Mumbai Metro Rail Corporation (1 mark) the agency who manage the metro line have appointed traffic marshals to help commuters (1 mark)  the Bandra-Worli (1 mark) sea link bridge reduces pressure on roads in to the city. (1 mark)

Answer 7

For example the Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam  the displacement of 20,000 people from the site of the dam (1 mark) resulting in cost of resettlement to other areas (1 mark)  those forced to relocate were mainly farmers with limited education, who found it difficult to find jobs (1 mark), resulting in less income and a poorer quality of life (1 mark)  the project is very expensive, costing about US$ 5 billion (1 mark), this is 15% of Ethiopia’s GDP/60% of the total annual budget (1 mark), which critics claim could have been better spent on health or education (1 mark)  HEP is only possible during the three month wet season (1 mark)  lower amounts of water reaching Egypt’s Aswan Dam has resulted in 20% less electricity being produced there (1 mark)  Reduced flow from the Blue Nile into downstream countries such as Egypt of up to 25% (1 mark) and resulting loss of farmland through lack of irrigation (1 mark)  the reservoir flooded Ethiopian forest, with loss of wildlife (1 mark)  High temperatures mean water will be evaporated each year from the reservoir (1 mark)  the reservoir will silt up and becoming less efficient over time (1 mark)  less silt in the Blue Nile downstream (1 mark) which is used as a fertiliser, means farmers need to buy expensive artificial fertiliser (1 mark); with increased threat of water pollution and danger to aquatic life (1 mark)  Sudan’s brick industry relies on the river silt as a raw material (1 mark)  the dam’s pressure on the faulted and cracked rocks in this part of the East African Rift Valley could trigger earthquakes (1 mark), causing a collapse and loss of lives and property downstream. (1 mark)

Answer 8

Physical Causes  Milankovitch’s theory: changes in the earth’s orbit/tilt (1 mark) alter the amount of energy reaching the Earth (1 mark)  every 41,000 years, there is a change in the tilt of the Earth’s axis. (1 mark) A greater tilt means more sunlight in polar regions (1 mark) and over a 97,000-year cycle, the Earth’s orbit stretches (1 mark)  global temperatures can be raised by peaks of sunspot activity, (1 mark) which follow an 11-year pattern (1 mark)  after volcanic eruptions, large amounts of dust and droplets of sulphur (1 mark) may reflect the sun’s rays lowering temperature (1 mark)  retreating ice caps release additional fresh water (1 mark) leading to changes in oceanic circulation. (1 mark) This also reduces the albedo effect (1 mark) as reflection has decreased as more land is exposed. (1 mark) Methane being released from melting permafrost. (1 mark).

Answer 9

Local  individuals can reduce, reuse and recycle products so that less refuse is sent to landfill sites. (1 mark) This will reduce the amount of methane entering the atmosphere (1 mark)  to reduce the amount of carbon dioxide generated by the burning of fossil fuels, (1 mark) households could reduce energy consumption by insulating their homes or switching lights off, etc (1 mark)  people could also be encouraged to use public transport, walk or cycle, (1 mark) or use hybrid or electric cars to cut down on fossil fuel consumption (1 mark)  disposal of older fridges should be managed carefully to ensure CFC gases don’t escape. (1 mark) New cooling units no longer emit CFC’s. (1 mark) National  Government Policies such as ‘Helping Households to cut their Energy Bills’ (1 E mark) encourages the use of smart meters improving energy efficiency (1 mark)  increasing the use of low carbon technologies such as windfarms (1 mark) — the UK Government is committed to creating 15% of energy by renewable source. (1 mark) Interational  the Paris Agreement (1 E mark) outlined agreements between leaders of developed and developing countries to limit climate change to below a 2oC rise (1 mark)  the European Union has committed to reducing carbon emissions by 20% by 2020. (1 mark) The EU will reward developing countries financially (1 mark)  preparing for extreme weather events such as flooding (1 mark) defences could be built to hold back flood water. (1 mark) for example The Thames Flood Barrier (1 EG mark)

Answer 10

The periods of increasing energy consumption may be due to  increased vehicle ownership due to 2 or more car household (1 mark) therefore increased demand for petrol (1 mark)  increased ownership of electronic devices such as computers (1 mark) due to changing technology and affordability (1 mark)  increased standard of living and/or more single occupancy households (1 mark) leading to more houses with central heating systems. (1 mark) For developed countries, the rate of increase in energy consumption is projected to slow down due to a number of reasons, including  improved energy efficiency in residential sector (1 mark) for example energy- saving fridges and LED lighting (1 mark)  improved insulation of housing such as cavity wall insulation (1 mark) cuts down on heat loss causing less heating to be required (1 mark)  growth of more affordable, fuel efficient ‘greener’ hybrid cars (1 mark)  Government initiatives such as ‘Cycle to Work’ schemes (1 mark) encourage people to leave their cars at home by subsidising the cost of cycle purchase. (1 mark)

Answer 11

 infinite energy resources/sources of power that are sustainable (1 mark)  independent production of energy reducing the need for reliance on imports of fuel. (1 mark) For wind power, other possible answers could include  in countries with a windy climate and large areas of exposed upland (1 mark) for example The Eaglesham Moor (1 mark)  winds in Scotland can be strong enough to power the equivalent of all electricity needs for 1 day (1 mark)  where surplus is generated it can be sold for profit (1 mark)  wind energy may reduce energy bills (1 mark)  as power from onshore energy is now cheaper than electricity produced from any other source in the UK (1 mark)  wind power can be irregular and intermittent (1 mark)  during high pressure, for example, there can be periods of no winds or very low speeds (1 mark) leaving turbines motionless, producing no or very little power (1 mark). This may coincide with very cold periods in winter when demand is higher (1 mark)  currently wind energy cannot be stored (1 mark)  wind farms are usually found in rural locations far from areas of high demand. (1 mark)

Answer 12

 input — precipitation mainly in the form of rainfall and snow, with the amount and duration having an impact on the level of water in the system (1 mark)  storage — on the surface in lakes and rivers and interception by leaves and roots of vegetation (1 mark), with water also seeping into the ground, stored as soil moisture in the upper layers or deeper down in rock stores such as the water table (1 mark)  transfers — this includes the movement of clouds bearing moisture by the process of advection (1 mark) and surface run-off as sheet wash or rivers/tributaries, throughfall and/or stemflow, is responsible for the transferal of precipitation from the canopy to the soil (1 mark), infiltration and/or percolation move water through the soil/rock (1 mark). Throughflow is the movement of water through the upper soil layers towards the river, with the much slower groundwater flow taking longer to enter the river (1 mark)  output — evaporation, transpiration from vegetation and surface run-off from rivers into seas and oceans (1 mark).

Answer 13

 natural vegetation — deciduous forest vegetation provides deep leaf litter, which is broken down rapidly in mild/warm climate (1 mark)  trees have long roots which penetrate deep into the soil, accessing nutrients from lower layers which are recycled to leaves (1 mark)  soil organisms — they ensure the mixing of the soil, aerating it and preventing the formation of distinct layers within the soil (1 mark)  climate — precipitation slightly exceeds evaporation, giving downward leaching of the most soluble minerals and the possibility of an iron pan forming, impeding drainage (1 mark)  aspect — south-facing slopes in northern hemisphere with a greater amount of sunshine and higher temperatures increase the rate decomposition resulting in humus layer (1 mark)  rock type — determines the rate of weathering, with hard rocks such as schist taking longer to weather, producing thinner soils. Softer rocks, such as shale, weather more quickly (1 mark)  relief — tend to be found on gentler slopes leading to lower rates of erosions so thicker soils (1 mark).

Answer 14

Large scale redevelopment:  the Dharavi Redevelopment Project where local people will be moved to high rise apartment blocks, however, only those who have been resident in Dharavi since 2000 will be eligible to move into these apartments (1 mark)  other residents will be moved to other parts of the city, which will break up communities and may result in people being too far from their work (1 mark)  the new flats will also however be too small for those who currently have workshops above their homes (1 mark). Slum Rehabilitation:  has planned and managed improvements such as upgrading mains sewerage to help reduce diseases such as cholera however, within twelve years, only 15% of Dharavi was redeveloped (1 mark). Local projects:  self-help schemes support the efforts of local people to improve their housing for example by adding an additional floor to buildings thus reducing overcrowding (1 mark)  toilets have been added and are shared by two or three families who help to keep them clean, which has reduced the incidence of water related diseases (1 mark).

Answer 15

Problems of gathering population data:  language barriers — countries with many official languages have to translate their census forms and employ enumerators who can speak multiple languages (1 mark)  literacy levels — many people can’t read and write, and therefore are unable to complete the forms, or might make mistakes (1 mark)  size of the population — the sheer size of some populations make it very difficult to conduct a census, eg in China and India (1 mark)  inaccessibility — the poor infrastructure and difficult terrain, for example in the Amazon Rainforest, may make it difficult for enumerators to distribute census forms (1 mark)  wars/civil wars — conflict can make it too dangerous for enumerators to enter, or for data to quickly become dated (1 mark)  cost — undertaking the census is a very expensive process, even for developed world countries. In developing countries, there may be higher priorities for spending, including housing, education and health care (1 mark)  migration — rapid rural to urban migration, can make it difficult to gather accurate population data as data will become outdated very quickly (1 mark)  many people in developing countries may be living in shanty towns, eg Dhararvi, or are homeless, so have no official address making it difficult to count them (1 mark)  people who are illegal immigrants are unlikely to complete a census for fear of deportation, leading to inaccurate data (1 mark)  nomadic people — large numbers of migrants, eg the Tuareg or shifting cultivators in the Amazon can easily be missed or counted twice (1 mark)  ethnic tensions and internal political rivalries may lead to inaccuracies, eg northern Nigeria was reported to have inflated its population figures to secure increased political representation (

Answer 16

 sea level rises, caused by an expansion of the sea as it becomes warmer and also by the melting of glaciers and ice caps in Greenland, Antarctica, etc (1 mark)  low-lying coastal areas, eg Bangladesh, affected with large-scale displacement of people and loss of land for farming and destruction of property (1 mark)  more extreme and more variable weather, including floods, droughts, hurricanes and tornadoes becoming more frequent and intense (1 mark)  globally, an increase in precipitation, particularly in the winter in northern countries such as Scotland, but some areas like the USA Great Plains may experience drier conditions (1 mark)  increase in extent of tropical/vector borne diseases, eg yellow fever, as warmer areas expand, possibly up to 40 million more in Africa being exposed to risk of contracting malaria (1 mark)  longer growing seasons in many areas in northern Europe for example, increasing food production and range of crops being grown (1 mark)  habitat loss has largest impact on indigenous animals/plants, and in areas where migration to new habitats is more difficult, leading to estimates of 10% extinction rates for land species (1 mark)  increased sea temperatures have led to 80% coral bleaching. Extended periods of bleaching can kill the coral with knock on effects for other marine life (1 mark)  changes to ocean current circulation, eg in the Atlantic the thermohaline circulation starts to lose impact on north-western Europe, resulting in considerably colder winters (1 mark)  changes in atmospheric patterns linking to changes in the monsoon caused by El Niño and La Niña (1 mark)  increased risk of forest fires, for example in Australia and California due to change in surface temperatures and changes in rainfall patterns (1 mark).

Answer 17

 individuals can reduce, reuse and recycle products so that less refuse is sent to landfill sites. This will reduce the amount of methane entering the atmosphere (1 mark)  to reduce the amount of carbon dioxide generated by the burning of fossil fuels, households could reduce energy consumption by insulating their homes or switching lights off (1 mark)  people could also be encouraged to use public transport, walk or cycle, or use hybrid or electric cars to cut down on fossil fuel consumption (1 mark)  fridge disposal should be managed carefully to ensure CFC gases don’t escape. New cooling units no longer emit CFCs (1 mark)  Government Policies such as ‘Helping Households to cut their Energy Bills’ encourages the use of ‘Smart Meters’ improving energy efficiency by showing energy costs in pounds and pence (1 mark)  increasing the use of low carbon technologies such as windfarms — the UK Government is committed to creating 15% of energy by renewable sources by 2020 (1 mark)  UK government is committed to banning the sale of new petrol/diesel cars by 2040 to reduce emissions (1 mark)  the Paris agreement outlined agreements between leaders of developed and developing countries to limit climate change below a 2⁰C rise (1 mark)  the impact of climate change could also be managed by preparing for extreme weather events, for example, flood defences could be built to hold back flood water, or flood plains and natural wetlands could be used to store flood water (1 mark).

Past paper Questions Flashcards

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