Past Papers Flashcards
(403 cards)
1
Q
Haversian canals DO NOT contain
A
Osteocytes processes
2
Q
Which leukocyte has azurophillic granules and well developed RER and Golgi apparatus?
A
Monocytes
3
Q
It is NOT TRUE that defensins
A
cooperate with myeloperoxidase in the chlorination of bacterial proteins
4
Q
Which leukocyte contains three different types of cytoplasmic granules?
A
Neutrophils
5
Q
Functions of eosinophils DO NOT include
A
Neutralization of mediators produced by mast cells
6
Q
In the blood platelet, granulomere DOES NOT contain
A
Tubules storing calcium ions
7
Q
Elasticity of elastic fibers results from
A
Expansion of the cross-links between elastin molecules
8
Q
In proteoglycan aggregates, proteoglycan molecules are connected by
A
Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs)
9
Q
It is NOT TRUE that procollagen molecules
A
Can aggregate with other procollagen molecules
10
Q
Indicate a common feature of fibroblasts and plasma cells
A
Well developed RER
11
Q
In the smooth muscle cell, binding of myosin to actin requires
A
Phosphorylation of myosin
12
Q
Which cells can spontaneously (without external signal) depolarize their cell membrane?
A
Interstitial cells of canal
13
Q
FIlaments which protect sarcomere from too excessive stretching are built of:
A
Desmin
14
Q
In the skeletal muscle fiber, voltage-sensitive protein:
A
Is located in thin myofilament and pulls tropomyosin away from actin
15
Q
The quadriceps muscle of 100 meter world record holder is built mostly of
A
White muscle fibers
16
Q
In nerve cells, RER, free ribosomes and dictusomes of the Golgi apparatus are:
A
Poorly developed because nerve cells are not capable of proliferation and differentiation
17
Q
Neurosecretory cells release peptide hormones at axon terminals. What makes it possible?
A
Kinesin
18
Q
Suggest the correct arrangement of structures in myelinated nerve fiber (inside-out)
A
Axon - myelin sheath - layer of Schwann cell cytoplasm - basal lamina
19
Q
Which cells have unusual apical cell membrane built of thick protein plates (plaques) interconnected by flexible areas of normal cell membrane?
A
Dome-shaped cells of urothelium
20
Q
In stratified epithelia, dividing cells are located
A
In the basal layers
21
Q
In the microvillus, actin filaments are connected to the cell membrane by
A
myosin
22
Q
It is NOT TRUE that stereocilia
A
Contain 9 peripheral doublets and 2 central microtubules
23
Q
Ciliated epithelium can transport objects along its surface because
A
Bending (active phase) is unidirectional but slightly delayed in successive cilia
24
Q
Which transmembrane linker protein occurs in anchoring (mechanical) cell-cell and cell-ECM junctions?
A
Cadherins & integrins
25
What filaments are transmembrane linker proteins connected by?
Actin filaments
26
Does the basal lamina control the passage of small molecules?
No, it’s function is intense transport of molecules (ions) across the basal cell membrane. It limits the transport of big (!) molecules passing across the membrane.
27
Hemapoietic stem cells first differentiate into
Stem cells for lymphopoetic lineage and stem cells of other lineages
28
The most numerous cells present in the hematopoetic bone marrow belong to
Granulopoetic lineage
29
Which cell of the granulopoetic lineage is the first to contain specific granules?
Myelocyte
30
Nerve cells with pyriform bodies and dendritic trees immensely branched in one plane are typically observed in:
Cerebellar cortex (Purkinje cells)
31
In the choroid plexus, ependymal cells covering the villi are interconnected by:
Tight junctions
32
What is responsible for highly selective permeability of the BBB?
Endothelial cells
33
Integrins are NOT present in:
Intercalated disks
34
Name a pair of cells that have different initial origin
Osteoclasts & Osteoblasts
35
Continuous conduction in axon is unidirectional because:
After opening, sodium channels close and for some time are insensitive to voltage
36
In the myelinated nerve fiber, voltage gated sodium channels are present in
The initial segment of axon and the regions of Ranvier nodes
37
Do macrophages produce their own basal lamina?
No
38
Which band DOES NOT change during sacromere contraction?
A
39
Where is Alpha actinin located?
In Z-lines of sacromeres, at sites of thin myofilament interconnections in smooth muscle, at sites of thin myofilaments attachments to the cell membrane in smooth muscles
40
Are mast cells activated by detachment or binding of IgE from/to their receptors?
Binding
41
In which type of cell of CT do cells predominate over the ECS?
In adipose tissue
42
Type 3 collagen is predominant in:
Reticular CT
43
The cytoplasm of reticulocyte contains hemoglobin and
Clusters of ribosomes
44
What is the single lipid droplet in unilocular adipocytes surrounded by?
A network of intermediate filaments
45
Cancellous bone is formed by
Intramembraneous ossification
46
Does cancellous bone contain vascular canals or bone marrow in its trabeculae?
Bone marrow
47
Cancellous bone is built of
Parallel bone lamellae
48
Very small skeletal muscle fibers associated with numerous afferent and efferent nerve terminal are:
Intrafusal fibers and are located in muscle spindles
49
What is located in the meshes of 3-dimensional network formed by the contractile apparatus in the cardiac muscle cell?
Very numerous mitochondria
50
In the cardiac muscle, all Cardiomyocytes are interconnected by
Gap junctions
51
Apart from different shape, pseudounipolar neurons differ from other nerve cell types in
Pathway of impulse conduction and morphology of dendrites
52
What does the activity of osteoclasts’ proton pump result in?
Local demineralization of resorbed bone
53
What do osteoblasts do using their receptor mechanism?
Influence formation and recruitment of osteoclasts
54
What is the first event in endochondral ossification?
Degeneration of hyaline cartilage in the central area of the shaft
55
Which plasma component is produced by a cell of CT proper?
Gamma-globulins
56
What is mainly responsible for the resistance of hyaline cartilage to pressure?
Proteoglycan aggregates
57
In the elastic cartilage, elastic fibers are located:
Inside chondral territories
58
Haversian canals do NOT contain
Osteocytes processes
59
Which leukocyte contains 3 different types of cytoplasmic granules?
Neutrophils
60
Functions of eosinophils DO NOT include
Neutralizations of mediators produced by mast cells
61
In the blood platelet, granulomere DOES NOT contain
Tubules storing calcium ions
62
Elasticity of elastic fibers results from
Expansion of the cross-links between elastin molecules
63
Can procollagen molecules aggregate with other procollagen molecules?
No
64
Which membrane proteins transport substances by rapid cyclic changes of conformation?
Carriers and pumps
65
The F0 component of the mitochondrial ATP-synthase contains?
Proton transporter
66
The mitochondrial matrix does not contain
enzymes responsible for ATP synthase
67
The activity of sodium-potassium pump (NA, K-ATPase) is an example of a
Aniport
68
The glycocalyx is composed of
Sugar residues of membrane glycoproteins and glycolipids
69
The ion channels cannot be opened by
Energy from ATP
70
The number of ribosomes in a polyribosome depends on
Molecular weight
71
Which adhesion molecules bind to the extracellular substance?
Integrins
72
The signal sequence targeting a protein to the nucleus never occurs together with
Signal sequence for SRP
73
The membrane of RER is continuous with
Outer membrane of the nuclear envelope
74
What is transported from the nucleus to the cytoplasm through nuclear pores?
mRNA, tRNA, rRNA
75
The membrane of trans-face of the dictyosome is most similar to
Cell membrane
76
Trans Golgi network does not produce these vesicles:
Preperoxisomal
77
Processes occurring in the dictyosome are:
Glycosylation of proteins, phosphorylation of some sugar residues, increase in membrane thickness
78
In the nucleolus, granular component contains mainly
Large ribosomal subunits
79
The first stages of receptor-mediated endocytosis are most similar to
Pinocytosis
80
Which process occurs in both early and late endosomes
Separation of ligands to receptors
81
During formation of autolysosomes digesting of a mitochondrion the mitochondrion is first
Enclosed by ER membrane which next fuses with hydrolase vesicles
82
Receptors responsible for binding lysosomal enzymes in trans Golgi networks recognize
Mannose 6 phosphate residues
83
Products of lysosomal digestion are transported
Across the lysosomal membrane to the cytoplasm
84
Following ubiquination proteins are digested in
Proteasosomes
85
What is a common feature for phagocytosis and pinocytosis?
Membrane fusion
86
Aggregation of coating protein (clathrin, COP) under a membrane is necessary for
Aggregation of receptor and invagination of the membrane
87
What is a common function of smooth ER and peroxisomes?
Synthesis of lipids
88
Intermediate filament occurring in epithelial cells are built of
Cytokeratins
89
Plus end of microtubule undergoes frequently
Polymerization and depolymerization
90
The compact arrangement of nucleosides in the chromatin fiber results from aggregation of
H1 his tones
91
A vesicle moving towards cell nucleus is transported by
Dynein
92
During apoptosis mitochondria
Release cytochrome c which activates caspases
93
Pumps are
Transporters and enzymes
94
Abundant noncoding DNA sequences are present in
Constitutive heterochromatin
95
How many microtubules will you find in the centrosome
54
96
In the nucleolus pre-rRNA is
Cleaved into shorter fragments
97
What is the correct definition of the nuclear lamina
The inner membrane of the nuclear envelope
98
New peroxisomes originate from vesicles formed by
ER and their enzymes are produced on free ribosomes
99
Which process requires involvement of micro filaments?
Phagocytosis
100
The ERGIC allows
Some proteins to return to ER
101
Caveolae and lipid rafts are specialized areas of
Cell membrane
102
Which lipid present in biological membranes participates in cell signaling?
Phosphoinositiol
103
Coating proteins surround ALL vesicles that
Participate in vesicular transport of ligands bound to receptors
104
The early endosome allows recirculating of receptors to
The cell membrane
105
What happens to receptors for man-6-P present in hydrolase vesicles?
They recirculate to the dictyosome
106
Which protein is produced on RER
Histone H1
107
Hydrolase vesicles contain
Inactive enzymes
108
All mitochondrial proteins are produces
On ribosomes not attached to ER
109
Nucleosome is composed of
DNA and his tones
110
The “head” of ATP synthase complex (F1) contains
ATP synthase
111
Which mitochondrial membrane shows high selective permeability?
The inner one
112
Which function is performed by both SER and peroxisomes?
Synthesis of cholesterol
113
Kinesin and myosin both
Walk in the same direction
114
The major role in the formation of new microtubules is played by
Centrioles
115
After completion of the translation process on RER small ribosomal subunit
Dissociated from the large one and the large one dissociates from ER membrane
116
Import of protein into the target location depends on
Amino acid sequence of a small protein fragment
117
Which adhesion molecules bind sugar residues of adjacent cells
Selectins
118
In the nucleus granular component contains mainly
Large ribosomal subunits
119
Sorting of secretory proteins from lysosomal processes takes place in
trans-Golgi network
120
Transformation of chromatin from “beads on a string” into chromatin fiber is
Condensation of chromatin induced by H1 histone
121
Hydrolase vesicles are initially coated with
Clathrin
122
Autolysosomes are formed by fusion of hydrolase vesicles with
Cell constituents surrounded by ER membrane
123
Mitochondrial DNA encodes
Some proteins of the inner membrane
124
Erythrocytes and blood platelets have no nuclei, what does it result from?
The same mechanism of differentiation in the bone marrow
125
What cells of granulopoietic lineage are the first to occur in 3 variants (neutrophilic, eosinophilic, basophilic)?
Metamyelocytes
126
What cells do platelets come from?
Megakaryocytes
127
Which leukocyte is the most abundant in a peripheral smear of blood? (Excluding erythrocytes)
Neutrophil
128
Which leukocyte has a multi-blood (3-5) lobed nucleus?
Neutrophil
129
Approx. what percentage of the volume of blood do the formed elements compromise?
45%
130
Which cells are described to have a central pallor?
Erythrocytes
131
What is the smallest leukocyte?
Lymphocytes
132
What is the largest leukocyte?
Monocytes
133
Is it true that the bactericidal system in neutrophils is oxygen dependent and uses defensins and O2?
No
134
What triggers exocytosis in a mast cell?
Binding of antigen to receptor IgE complex
135
Antigens of ABO blood groups are…
Glycocalyx oligosaccharides of erythrocytes
136
How is heterochromatin distributed in a plasma cell?
There is no specific distribution
137
Which granules of neutrophil DO NOT participate in killing of bacteria?
All granule types contain components of the bacteria-killing system
138
Hyalomere of the blood platelet DOES NOT contain granules with
clotting factors
139
Which leukocyte has azurophilic granules and well developed RER and Golgi apparatus
Monocytes
140
In the blood platelet, the Hyalomere does not contain which organelle?
Mitochondria
141
Leukocyte granules which stain with eosin contain
Major basic protein
142
Which blood cells have a common CFU progenitor cell in bone marrow?
Neutrophils and monocytes
143
How do mature blood cells enter the blood coagulation in the bone marrow?
Through transient, large pores in the endothelial cells of blood vessels
144
Azurophilic granules in leukocytes are a special kind of
Hydrolyse vesicles
145
Blood platelets aggregate at a site where:
Collagen of the vascular wall is exposed to the bloodstream
146
What is common for fibroblasts and plasma cells
Characteristic pattern of heterochromatin in the cell nucleus
147
Which sarcomata protein DOES NOT occur in I band?
Myosin
148
Which band DOES NOT change during sarcomata contraction?
A
149
What is located in the meshes of 3-dimensional network formed by the contractile apparatus in the cardiac muscle cell?
Very numerous mitochondria
150
After binding Ca ions, troponin…
Pulls tropomyosin away from actin
151
Which fiber is made up of fast-twitch muscle?
White fibers
152
What is myosin
Muscle fibers
153
Which type of tissue is a tendon composed of?
Dense regular CT
154
Smooth muscle cells DO NOT contain
Miofibrils
155
T tubules in the skeletal muscle fiber contain…
Membrane receptors for acetylcholine
156
During contraction of the skeletal muscle which element does not undergo shortening?
Miofilaments
157
In the sacromere, M line is formed by…
Transversian protein bridges between thick myofilaments
158
What cells are capable of spontaneous depolarization of cell membrane?
Interstitial cells of Cajal
159
Filaments which protect sarcomere from too excessive stretching are built of…
Titian
160
What is common for skeletal and cardiac muscle?
Structure of the contractile apparatus
161
Smooth muscle cells are not striated because…
The contractile apparatus has no sarcomeres
162
In the smooth muscle cell, binding of myosin to actin requires
Phosphorylation of myosin
163
Thin filaments of ALL muscle types contain
Tropomyosin
164
I band of the sarcomere DOES NOT contain
Myosin
165
Which bands shorten during sarcomere contraction?
I and H
166
Where is alpha-actin located?
1. In Z lines of sarcomeres, 2. At sites of thin myofilaments interconnection in smooth muscle, 3. At sites of thin myofilament attachments to the cell membrane in smooth muscle
167
Inside the myofibril, the first event leading to contraction is
Binding of calcium to troponin
168
What is the common feature between skeletal muscle fiber and Cardiomyocyte?
The presence of voltage-sensitive protein in T tubule membrane
169
Which junction is NOT a component of the intercalated disk in cardiac muscle?
Tight junction
170
Small single terminal cistern are of SR and wide T tubules located at the levels of Z lines are characteristic features of…
Cardiac muscle cells
171
Which structure propagates the stimulus inside the skeletal muscle fiber?
T tubule
172
What is a muscular triad
T tubule flanked by two cisternae of SR
173
Myofibroblasts are…
Contractile fibroblast-like cells of mesenchymal origin
174
Smooth muscle cells in the adventitious of large arteries form
Circular bundles
175
Some neurotoxins enter axons at their terminals and then get to perikaryon to kill the nerve cells. This results from the activity of
Dynein
176
In the node of Ranvier, the cell membrane of the axon contains
Numerous voltage-gated sodium channels
177
What surrounds axons of UNMYELINATED nerve fibers in the CNS?
Processes of astrocytes
178
Nerve cells with dendrites immensely branched in one plane receiving as many as up to 200 000 synapses per cell are located in:
Cerebellar cortex
179
In the synapse, the postsynaptic membrane contain neurotransmitter-gated chloride channels. This synapse is:
Ionotropic inhibitory
180
What are the supporting cells in the CNS called?
Neuroglia
181
What type of neurons is the most numerous in the body?
Multipolar
182
Which cell is a macrophage found in the CNS?
Microglia
183
Which meninx is made of delicate web-like CT?
Arachnoid
184
What provides tensile strength to a neuron?
Neurofilaments
185
Which cells are involved in the BBB?
Astrocytes
186
What is the tissue which surrounds a nerve fascicle?
Perineurium
187
What type of neuron are interneurons?
Multipolar
188
Nissl bodies are related to
Protein production
189
Which cells are capable of ameboid movement and phagocytosis?
Microglial cells
190
In the vast majority of nerve cells, dendrites DO NOT differ from axons in
Cytoskeletal components
191
Apart from different shape, pseudounipolar neurons differ from other nerve cell types in:
Pathway of impulse conduction and morphology of dendrite
192
Neurosecretory cells release peptide hormones at axon terminals. What makes it possible?
Kinesin
193
What is the correct arrangement of structures in a myelinated nerve fiber? (inside-out)
Axon-myelin sheath-layer of Schwann cell cytoplasm-basal lamina
194
The presynaptic part NEVER contains
Ribosomes
195
So-called basket - a plexus of nerve fibers and terminals surrounds the periokaryon of…
Purkinje cells
196
A single Schwann cell produces
Cytoplasmic (Schwann) sheaths for several axons
197
So-called grand postsynaptic potential opens…
Sodium channels in the initial segment of axon
198
Respiratory pseudostratified epithelium changes into a simple cylindrical one within
Bronchioles
199
Brush border, numerous endocytotic vesicles and peribasal stration are typical features of:
Proximal tubule of the nephron
200
Which segment of the salivary excretory ducts manifests the strongest capacity for ions transport?
Bronchioles
201
Pyramidal cell with clear cytoplasm in HE staining and nasally located irregular nucleus represents the following element of the salivary gland:
Mucous tubules
202
Surface epithelium changes its character at the border between pylorus and
Duodenum
203
Upper, middle and lower segments of the esophagus differ in
Type of muscle in tunica muscularis
204
Thick adventitious with longitudinal smooth muscle bundles is characteristic for
Vena cava
205
Thymus-dependent areas are
Periarterial sheets of spleen white pulp
206
The capillaries with numerous uniform pores without diaphragms are found in
Renal glomerulus
207
In the parotid gland, secretory units are
Acini
208
What type of epithelial cells do taste buds consist of
Elongated epithelial cells
209
A transition from squamous stratified to simple columnar epithelium takes place on the border of esophagus and
Gastric cardia
210
Vasa vasorum are localized in
Adventitia of large arteries
211
The transfer of fatty acids from intestinal lumen to lymph takes place via
Diffusion across the apical membrane of enterocytes followed by resynthesis and association with proteins
212
Normal erythrocytes can penetrate the wall of
Spleen sinusoids
213
Which epithelium reveals the highest dynamic of its normal renewal?
Intestinal epithelium on the surface of villi
214
Lymphatic follicles are NOT present in which lymphoid organs?
Thymus
215
Lymph flowing through the lymph node gains which components?
B lymphocytes, T lymphocytes, Immunoglobulins
216
Secretory granules CANNOT be found in which cells of the epidermis?
Keratinocytes from granular layer
217
Basket cell CANNOT be found in which glands?
Sebaceous glands
218
In which lingual papillae are taste buds not present?
Filliform papillae
219
What structures DO NOT regularly accompany branches of the bronchial tree?
Branches of pulmonary veins
220
What elements are essential for the function of tonsils?
Both epithelium and lymphatic tissue
221
Thick muscular media and the presence of internal and external elastic laminae is typical for
Distributing artery
222
olfactory receptors are localized in the membrane of
Modified cilia of the olfactory cells
223
Alveolar macrophages are located …. And are covered by …
On the luminal surface of pneumocystis and are covered by surfactant layer
224
Lymph is carried to lymph nodes by
Lymphatic vessels penetrating the capsule
225
Lamina muscularis mucosae in the GI tract first occurs in
Esophagus
226
The most permeable blood capillaries can be found in
Liver lobule (sinusoids)
227
Which part of the oral mucosa reveals unique features?
Dorsal lingual mucosa
228
Which segment of the salivary excretory ducts manifests the strongest capacity for ion transport?
Striated duct
229
Pyramidal cell with a clear cytoplasm in HE staining and basally located irregular nucleus represents the following element of the salivary gland:
The cell of mucous tubule
230
Upper, middle, and lower segments of the esophagus differ in
Type of muscles in tunica muscularis
231
The stomach is lined by which epithelium?
Simple columnar
232
Thick adventitia with longitudinally arranged smooth muscle bundles is typical for
Vena cava inferior
233
Vasa vasorum may open into
The lumen of nourished vessel
234
Intestinal M cells are numerous at sites with
Peyer’s patches
235
In what direction does bile flow in the classic liver lobule?
From center towards periphery
236
In the cortical region of the lymph node you WILL NOT find
Secondary lymphoid nodules
237
Which is larger, trabecular arteries (of the spleen) or central arteries (of the spleen)?
Central arteries
238
Red pulp of the spleen DOES NOT contain
Trabeculae
239
Mitochondria containing a unique protein channel not associated with ATP synthase complex occur in:
Multilocular adipocytes
240
The inter systemic bone lamellae are remnants of
Former osteons destroyed during bone remodeling
241
Which cells are NEVER interconnected by gap junctions?
Chondrocytes in the isogenous group
242
What contains several layers of flat fibroblasts connected by tight junctions?
Perineurium
243
What is a mesaxon
Double fold of Schwann cell membrane
244
In metabotrophic inhibitory synapse, neurotransmitter causes
Sequence of biochemical reactions leading to opening of chloride channels
245
The first response of presynaptic part to stimulus (depolarization) is
Opening of calcium channels
246
Which cells have unusual apical cell membrane built of thick protein plank interconnected by flexible areas of normal cell membrane
Dome-shaped cells of urothelium
247
The presence of brush border on the apical surface and mitochondria-associated basal cell membrane suggest that the function of epithelial cells are
Resorption and transport control
248
What is common for macrophages and mast cells?
Production of interleukins
249
What cells directly originate from mesenchymal stem cells?
FAP - fibrocytes/fibroblasts, adipocytes, pericytes
250
In the hyaline cartilage, condensed basophilic ground substance is located:
Inside chondral territories
251
Inside the myofibril, the first even leading to contraction is
Opening of calcium channel
252
Histological structure of fibrocartilage is most similar to that of
Tendon
253
How many connexin molecules are connexons built of?
6
254
Fibrillin is found in
Reticular CT, elastic cartilage, bone lamella
255
Which one can divide and differentiate, granulocytes or agranulocytes?
Agranulocytes
256
In the microvillus, actin filaments are connected to the cell membrane by
Myosin
257
In the neutrophils, lysozyme is found in
Azurophilic and specific granules
258
Migration of leukocytes from blood to tissue DOES NOT require participation of
Actin filaments in the cytoplasm of endothelial cells of blood vessels
259
Which matrix components liberated during bone resorption induce formation of new bone?
Bone morphogenic proteins
260
Synoviocytes A are
Macrophages
261
Synoviocytes B are
Fibroblasts
262
What is responsible for location of sarcomeres in all myofibrils of skeletal muscle fibers at the same levels?
Desmin
263
Dense tubulars system of the blood platelet stores
Calcium ions
264
In cardiac muscle, all muscle cells are interconnected by
Gap junctions
265
An extensive labyrinth of cell membrane invaginations dividing cell cytoplasm into discrete areas are observed in
Megakaryocytes
266
What CANNOT be found in both cerebral and cerebellar cortex
Pyramidal layer
267
The endothelial cells building the wall of hepatic sinusoids contain
Fenestrations of different size without diaphragms
268
The wall of post capillary venues (postcapillaries) is composed of endothelial cells and
Pericytes
269
Very thick adventitious containing numerous lolngitudinal bundles of smooth muscle is a characteristic feature of
Large veins of thorax and abdomen
270
In capillary vessels, endothelial cells interconnected by tight junctions DO NO have
Fenestrations
271
Endothelial cells help leukocytes to migrate from blood tissues by
Expression of adhesion molecules keeping leukocytes in contact with the vasculization
272
What do you call the simple squamous epithelium that lines the blood vessels
Endothelium
273
Blood vessels of the sinusoid type are characterized by
1. Presence of pores in endothelial cells, 2. discontinuity of endothelial cells, 3. Discontinuity of basal lamina
274
In a large artery, loose CT is found in
Intima
275
Vasa vasorum are more numerous in
Veins (than arteries)
276
Passage of leukocytes across a blood vessel DOES NOT require
Disappearance of the basal lamina
277
Continuous capillaries halved a diameter smaller than
Sinusoids
278
Large veins are characterized by
Presence of smooth muscle cells in adventitia
279
Prominent internal elastic lamina is typical for
All arteries
280
Weibel-Palade bodies contain
Von Willebrand factor of coagulation
281
Elastic fibers and laminae in the arterial wall are produced by
Smooth muscle cells
282
Fenestrated capillaries occur in
Small intestine
283
T lymphocytes recognize antigen presented by dendritic cell by
Binding antigen-MHC II complex to T-cell receptor
284
Which structural component can be found in all regions of the lymph node (cortex, paracortex, medulla)?
Reticular CT
285
In the initial phase of humoral immune response, B lymphocyte presents
Antigen to Th2 lymphocyte
286
What is common for paracortex of lymph node, periarterial lymphatic sheath in the spleen and thymic lobule?
The presence of T lymphocytes
287
In the lymph node, lymph flows from medullary sinuses directly to
Efferent lymphatic vessels
288
Which process takes place in the red pulp of the spleen?
Elimination of old erythrocytes
289
Lymph is carried to lymph nodes by
Venules with high endothelium
290
In the cortical region of lymph node, you WILL NOT find:
Secondary lymphoid nodules
291
The scanty cytoplasm of lymphocytes contains
Azurophilic granules
292
Lymphatic nodules are the site of
B lymphocyte proliferation
293
In the thymus, the cortex contains more lymphocytes than
Medulla
294
What is the common feature of neutrophils and lymphocytes?
Presence of azurophilic granules
295
What is the correct description of antigen processing by a professional antigen-presenting cell?
Partial digestion of antigen and its binding with MHC II molecule
296
The Hassall’s corpuscles control
Maturation of Treg lymphocytes
297
What is the common feature of lymph node cortex, white pulp of the spleen, and Peyer’s patches?
Presence of lymphoid nodules
298
In the spleen, pariarterial lymphatic sheaths contain mostly
T lymphocytes
299
In the spleen, blood from sheathed arterioles flows directly to
Intercellular spaces of the splenic cords
300
In the dermis, dermal papillae contain
Capillary vessels
301
In the eccrine sweat gland, the terminal portion of the duct if lined with
Keratinocyte
302
What is the correct definition of apocrine secretion?
Formation and release of cell membrane vesicles containing secretory material
303
The cell envelope of keratinized keratinocyte (corneocyte) is composed of cell membrane and
A layer of proteins associated with the inner surface of the cell membrane
304
The papillary layer of dermis contains blood vessels and
Meissner’s corpuscle
305
What is the common feature of eccrine and apocrine sweat gland?
Shape
306
The least mineralized tissue of the tooth is
Cementum
307
The periodontal ligament is built of
Collagen fibers
308
The largest lingual papillae are
Circumavaliate papillae
309
Cells responsible for taste perception are
Columnar (fusiform) epithelial cells
310
Which component is not found in the secretory portions of the salivary gland?
Smooth muscle cells
311
Cells responsible for release of K+ ions to saliva are located in
Striated ducts
312
Serous demilunes are located in
Mucous tubules
313
Which salivary gland contains only serous acini?
Parotid gland
314
Lamina propria of mucosa is built of
CT
315
Nonkeratinized epithelium covers
Inner surface of the cheek
316
The dentinal canaliculi contain
Blood vessels, nerve bundles, processes of odontoblast s
317
The most numerous lingual papillae are
Filiform papillae
318
In taste buds, taste receptors are located in
Microvilli of the taste buds
319
Salivary amylase is produced by
serous secretory cells
320
Which segment of the salivary ducts is lined with simple cuboidal epithelium?
Intercalated duct
321
Which salivary gland contains both serous acini and mucous tubules?
Submandibular gland
322
Which tooth tissue shows the lowest level of mineralization?
Cementum
323
What is the predominant organic component of dentin?
Collagen type 1
324
Dentinal tubules contain
Processes of odontoblasts and nerve fibers
325
Periodontal ligament is built of
Dense and loose CT
326
Dentogingival junction contains
Numerous hemidesmosomes
327
What element is absent from the lingual tonsil?
CT capsule
328
Taste buds a span the entire thickness of
Striated squamous epithelium
329
Epithelium of the oral cavity is partially
Keratinized on the dorsal surface of the tongue
330
The borders between cells are better visible in
Mucus secretory units
331
Intercalated ducts start inside of acini, yes or no?
NO
332
Which salivary gland has the longest intercalated duct?
Parotid gland
333
Which segment of the salivary excretory ducts manifests the strongest capacity for ion transport?
Striated duct
334
Pyramidal cell with clear cytoplasm in HE staining and basally located irregular nucleus represents which element of the salivary gland?
The cell of mucous tubule
335
Taste buds have exposed
Microvilli in the taste pore
336
Interlobular glands of the salivary glands are surrounded by
CT
337
Minor salivary glands do not contain which ducts?
Striated ducts
338
Which part of the tooth has the structure most similar to bone?
Cellular cementum
339
What is located in the dental pulp area adjacent to dentine?:
Cell bodies of odontoblasts
340
Fold shaped lingual papillae containing 3 regular secondary papillae is termed
Foliate papillae
341
Areas of the oral cavity mucosa involved in mastication are characterized by
Absence of submucosa
342
Which mineralized tissue contains canaliculi with cell processes, but does not contain lacunae with cell bodies
Dentin
343
What is the common feature of serous acini and mucous tubules of the salivary glands?
The presence of myoepithelial cells
344
Epithelium of Dentogingival junction covers
Richly vascular CT
345
Cementum is built of morphological subunits termed
Lamellae
346
Which glands usually associated with skin can also be found in oral cavity mucosa?
Sebaceous glands
347
What DOES NOT influence mineralization of dentin?
Formation of HA crystals in adjacent enamel
348
Predentin DOES NOT contain
HA crystals
349
Ameloblasts are supplied with oxygen and nutrients by the vessels located
Close to enamel organ
350
The presence of IgA in saliva results from
Presence of plasma cells in the interstitial CT
351
Areas of interlobular dentin are distributed according to
Owen lines
352
Secondary dentin forms
The inner layer of dentin
353
In the periodontal ligament, the capillaries
Are wider than normal
354
The periodontal ligament contains collagen fibers capable of
Rapid remodelling
355
In the course of tooth development, transformation of preodontoblasts into odontoblasts is associated with
Morphological polarization of the cells
356
In the enamel, the superficial layer is built of
Interprismatic substance
357
Ruffin corpuscles occur in
Periodontal ligament
358
In dentin, collagen fibers do not form
Bundles
359
Tome’s fibers can be accompanied by
Processes of antigen presenting cells
360
Stratum intermedium in the oral cavity is
A layer of cells inside enamel organ, adjacent to its inner epithelium
361
Stratified ducts are often not stratified in
Sublingual glands
362
The earliest form of mineralized substance produced by ameloblasts is
Interpriasmatic substance
363
In the taste bud, gustatory receptors are located
In the apical membrane of gustatory cells
364
In the tooth pulp capillaries form
A network around odontoblasts
365
Invasion of blood vessels during tooth development DOES NOT mark
Transition from primary dental papilla
366
Gustatory receptors are NOT located in the are of contact with
Nerve cells
367
In chronic intoxication with lead, the metal is released to saliva and patients show black rims on gums. The effect results from activity of cells present in
Striated ducts
368
The length of enamel rods is equal to
Enamel thickness
369
What is NEVER found in the developing tooth at early bell stage?
Predentin
370
Dental calculus is formed by
Mineralization of dental pellicle
371
During mineralization of dentin, the morphological units of mineralization are
Calcospherites
372
In the secondary cementum, the cementocyte processes are mostly directed towards
Periodontal ligament
373
Differentiation of the inner epithelium cells of enamel organ into ameloblasts proceeds under the influence of
Stratum intermedium cells
374
In salivary glands, intercalated duct cells release
Bicarbonate ions
375
Hyaline membrane initiating formation of cementum
Epithelial root sheath cells
376
What starts earlier, the vascularization or Innervation of the tooth pulp?
Vascularization
377
Which is more mineralized, peritubular dentin or intertubular dentin?
Peritubular
378
In the oral cavity, areas lined with keratinized epithelium ALWAYS show
The absence of submucosa
379
The fastest turnover of collagen fibers takes place in
Periodontal ligament
380
The common feature of ALL salivary glands is the presence of
Intercalated ducts
381
The earliest morphological symptom of dental organ development is
Formation of epithelial dental lamina
382
Which part of the periodontal ligament prevents pressing the tooth into alveolar bone during mastication?
Oblique fibers
383
Which has larger HA crystals, enamel or dentin?
Enamel
384
In the TMJ, the articular disk is built of
Dense CT
385
Water-binding properties of dental pulp result from presence of
Hyaluronic acid
386
Gustatory cells of taste buds DO NOT have
Axons
387
Activities of enamel organ DO NOT influence
Formation of primary cementum
388
Cells of enamel knot secrete
Morphogenic proteins and growth factors
389
What is NOT FOUND at the late cap stage of tooth development?
Predentin
390
Axons of dentinal tubules
Are naked without sheaths
391
Which tonsils have the most numerous and deepest crypts?
Palatine
392
It is NOT true that enamel proteins during development are partially transferred to
Dentin
393
The course of enamel development:
Initially deposited enamel has amorphous structure, without division into prisms and interprismatic substance
394
Mantle dentin
Is the first dentin formed, is less mineralized than the other dentin types, is located in the crown adjacent to the inner surface of enamel
395
Gustatory receptors associated with ion channels allow reception of which tastes?
Salty and sour
396
In the secretory portion of the sublingual gland, the main secretory cells have
Nasally located cell nuclei
397
Periodontal ligament fibers are anchored to which type of cementum?
Both acellular and cellular
398
What is the origin of cementum and periodontal ligament?
Both originate from dental sac
399
What is NEVER found in the cell rich zone of dental pulp?
Odontoblasts
400
Are capillaries of the dental pulp continuous or fenestrated?
Both
401
What is the definition of the granular layer of Tomes?
Dilated terminal segments of dentinal tubules
402
Initial segments of intercalated ducts are surrounded by
Myoepithelial cells
403
Mucosa always contains
Lamina propria
