Past Questions Flashcards
1
Q
Equine tarsocrural joint injection
A
- Dorsomedial direction
- Between tibia and talus
2
Q
Equine tarsometatarsal joint injection
A
- Medial direction
- Between TC and T3
- Lateral direction
- Between T4 and Mt4
3
Q
Equine stifle joint injection
A
- Lateral direction
- The joint recess of extensor groove
- Medial direction
- Between medial and intermediate patellar ligaments
4
Q
Equine fetlock joint injection
A
- Through dorsal recess, lateral/medial to the extensor tendon
or
- Through palmar recess
- Between cannon bone and suspensory ligament
- At the level of the splint bones
5
Q
Canine stifle joint injection
A
- Cross between:
- Patellar ligament
- Lateral collateral ligament
- Above meniscus
- Behind long digital extensor tendon
6
Q
Equine common peroneal nerve block
A
- Lateral aspect
- 12cm prox. to tuber calcanei
- Between long and lateral digital extensors
7
Q
Canine common peroneal nerve block
A
- Feel the nerve on the head of the fibula
- Inject just distally to this
8
Q
Canine deep peroneal nerve block
A
- Groove between long digital extensor and peroneus longus
- Halfway between stifle and tarsus
9
Q
Pulse taking in ruminants
A
Coccygeal artery
10
Q
Drawing blood in ruminants
A
- Vena cava cranialis
- V. jugularis
11
Q
Drawing blood in canine
A
- External jugular
- Cephalic
- Saphenous
12
Q
During an equine rectal exam, can you palpate the spermatic cord?
A
Yes
13
Q
During an equine rectal exam, which kidney can be palpated?
A
Caudal part of the left kidney
14
Q
During an equine rectal exam, which inguinal ring can be felt?
A
Deep
15
Q
During a ruminant rectal exam, which diverticulum can you feel?
A
Suburethral
16
Q
During a ruminant rectal exam, list what can be palpated on the left?
A
Left:
- Rumen
- Abomasum
- Spleen
17
Q
During a ruminant rectal exam, list what can be palpated in the middle?
A
Middle:
- Kidneys
- Left ureter
- Ovaries
18
Q
During a ruminant rectal exam, list what can be palpated on the right?
A
- Small intestine
- Caudal flexure of the duodenum
- Bladder
- Uterus
- Colon
19
Q
Does the perineum cover the cervix?
A
No
20
Q
Does the peritoneum cover the cervix?
A
Yes
21
Q
Does the mediastinum cover the cervix?
A
No
22
Q
Where is the descending duodenum?
A
Right side
23
Q
The direction of the ascending duodenum
A
Cranially on the left
24
Q
Difference between left and right uterine horns
A
- Right is longer/more cranial
- Left is looser (longer suspension)
25
What is cranial to Lig. vesicae lateralis?
Lig. teres vesicae
26
In horse, which portion of the left kidney is in the greater mesentery?
Dorsal
27
In horse, give the direction of colon travel
1. R. ventral → Sternal flexure
2. L. ventral → Pelvic flexure
3. L. dorsal → Diaphragmatic felxure
4. R. dorsal → Ampulla
28
In horse, where is the spleen?
Left side, craniodorsally
29
In horse, where is the ostium ileocaecale?
* Right side, middle and ventrally
* 7cm cranioventrally to tuber coxae
30
In horse, where is the small intestine?
Left side, caudodorsally
31
In horse, where is the pelvic flexure?
* Left side, caudoventrally
* Between left ventral and left dorsal colon
32
In horse, where is the caecum?
* Right side, dorsally
* Apex at the sternum
* Base at paralumbar fossa
33
In horse, which direction does the ileum go?
Left → right
34
In horse, how many ligaments of the bladder are there?
3
35
In ruminant, where is the omasum?
* Caudodorsal to the reticulum
* Above abomasum
* Facies liber on the right
36
In ruminant, where is the rumen?
Fills the left side
37
In ruminant, where is the left kidney?
* Retroperitoneal
* Caudal to the right kidney
* In midline
38
In ruminant, where is the greater omentum attached?
* On the rumen
* Along sulcus longitudinalis sin., caud. and dex.
39
In ruminant, where is the reticulum?
* Left side, ventrally
* 6-9IC space
* Against the sternum
40
In ruminant, where is the liver?
Right of the reticulum and omasum
41
In ruminant, what do you find at the female urethra?
Suburethral diverticulum
42
In ruminant, what is the direction of the hilus of the left kidney?
Dorsal
43
In ruminant, what is the position of omasum relative to reticulum?
Dorsal/Caudal/Dextral
44
In ruminant, what is in contact with the right of the omasum?
Liver
45
In ruminant, what is caudal to the omasum?
Abomasum
46
In ruminant, what is the position of the sigmoid flexure of the colon relative to the deferent duct?
Caudal
47
In ruminant, which side of the greater omentum is the colon descendens?
Lamina visceralis
48
In ruminant, which side of the greater omentum is the colon centripetalis?
Lamina visceralis
49
In ruminant, which organs are around the greater omentum?
Visceral:
* Colon
* Jejunum
Parietal:
* Liver
* Spleen
* Kidney
50
In ruminant, is the abomasum in contact with the abdominal wall?
Yes
51
In ruminant, describe the ascending colon
1. Proximal loop
2. Centripetal coils
3. Central flexure
4. Centrifugal coils
5. Distal loop
52
In ruminant, name the folds of the rumen
Villi / Papillae
53
In canine, which male accessory gland is at the neck of the bladder?
Prostate
54
In canine, where is the gall bladder?
Between the right medial and quadrate lobes
55
In canine, does the stomach contact the abdominal wall?
Only when full
56
In canine, Is the cervix intra or retroperitoneal?
Retro
57
Which ligament is attached to the joint capsule of the stifle?
Medial collateral
58
Do tarsocrural and proximal tarsal joint capsules communicate?
Yes
59
If you insert a pin to the tuber calcanei, which tendons do you go through?
Gastrocnemius + SDF
60
In equine, which ligaments attach to the patella?
Medial + intermediate
61
In equine, which meniscus is not attached to the femur?
Medial
62
In equine, which femorotibial capsule communicates with the femoropatellar capsule?
Medial
63
In equine, how do you treat club hoof?
Cut accessory ligament of DDF or SDF tendon
64
In equine, how do you treat bone spavin?
* Tarsometatarsal ankylosis
or
* Cut medial tendon of insertion of tibialis cranialis
65
In equine, what is arthrotomy of the fetlock joint?
Removal of apical sesamoid fractures
66
In equine, which lameness indicated joint degeneration?
Supportive leg lameness
67
In equine, which lameness indicated muscle, tendon or ligament damage?
Swinging leg lameness
68
In equine, do the medial and lateral stifle capsules communicate?
No
69
In equine, how do you check the bone spavin?
* Flex the tarsus for a while
* If lameness worsens → Bone spavin
70
In equine, if tuber calcanei is fractured, what can be done?
Extension of the hock
71
In ruminants, name the patellar ligaments
Lateral, medial and intermediate
72
In ruminants, do the lateral and medial stifle capsule communicate?
Yes
73
In canine, do the lateral and medial stifle capsules communicate?
Yes
74
Give the puncta maxima of the heart: Equine
1. **Pulmonary trunk:** _IC3, distal third_
2. **Aorta:** _IC4, 5cm below shoulder_
3. **LAV:** _IC4-5, distal third_
4. **RAV:** _IC3-4 distal portion_
75
Give the puncta maxima of the heart: Canine
1. **Pulmonary trunk:** _IC3, above sternum_
2. **Aorta:** _IC4, shoulder_
3. **LAV:** _IC5, distal third_
4. **RAV:** _IC4, distal portion_
76
Give the puncta maxima of the heart: Ruminant
1. **Pulmonary trunk:** _IC2-3, distal third_
2. **Aorta:** _IC3-4, 2cm below shoulder_
3. **LAV:** _IC4, distal third_
4. **RAV:** _IC3, distal portion_
77
Give the lung borders of canine
1. VC: IC12
2. TC: IC11
3. TI: IC10
4. Sh: IC8
78
Give the lung borders of ruminant
1. VC: IC12
2. TC: IC11
3. TI: Ø
4. Sh: IC8
79
Give the lung borders of swine
1. VC: IC12
2. TC: IC11
3. TI: IC9
4. Sh: IC7
80
Number of *(unilateral)* ribs: Ca
13
81
Number of *(unilateral)* ribs: Ruminant
13
82
Number of *(unilateral)* ribs: Swine
14
83
Number of *(unilateral)* ribs: Equine
18
84
Location of cardiac dullness: Canine
* Left side: IC4-IC6
* Right side: IC4-IC5
85
Location of cardiac dullness: Equine
* Left side: IC3-IC5
* Right side: IC4-IC5
86
Location of cardiac dullness: Ruminant
* Left side: IC3-IC4
* Right side: Ø
87
Relative dullness length: Small animals
1-2 cm
88
Relative dullness length: Large animals
3-4cm
89
What is relative dullness?
* Where the heart is partly covered by lungs
* Not in contact with the thoracic wall
90
What recess surrounds margo acutus of lungs?
Costodiaphragmatic recess
91
What is the role of recesses?
Fluid traps
92
Which heart wall is more cranial?
Right
93
Which heart sound is more cranial?
Pulmonary trunk
94
Where is the oesophagus?
1. Dorsal to the trachea in the neck
2. Then falls to the left in the thorax
95
In equine, which sinus does not communicate with the maxillary sinus?
None
96
In equine, which concha connects to the frontal sinus?
Dorsal
97
In equine, is the maxillary sinus divided?
Yes
* By a septum into the rostral and caudal maxillary sinus
* And partly by the infraorbital canal into lat. and med. maxillary sinus
98
In equine, what communicates with the caudal maxillary sinus?
Conchofrontal + Sphenopalatine sinus
99
In ruminants, which sinus extends into the horns?
Frontal sinus
100
In ruminants, describe the sinus system
1. Ventral + dorsal systems
2. Maxillary doesn't communicate with frontal
3. Frontal is divided into rostral + caudal parts
4. Lacrimal sinus present; palatine sinus Ø
101
Innervation of CN-II
Optic nerve → Retina
102
Efferent nerve of the pupillary reflex
Oculomotor nerve (CN-III)
103
Afferent nerve of the pupillary reflex?
Optic nerve (CN-II)
104
Innervation of CN-III
Oculomotor →
* Dors. + vent. rectus mm.
* Vent. oblique m.
* Levator palpebralis
* Sphincter pupillae
105
Facial nerve is for...?
* Facial expression mm.
* Sensory to skin
* Special sensory to tongue (chorda tympani)
106
Nerves of palpebrae
* Afferent → Trigeminal
* Efferent → Facial
107
Nerves of nostrils
* Infraorbital
* Caudal nasal
* Nasociliary
108
Sensory nerves of the tongue
* Glossopharyngeal (CN-IX)
* Facial (CN-VII)
* Mandibular (CN-V3)
109
Motor nerve of the tongue
Hypoglossal (CN-XII)
110
What is blocked by the mandibular nerve block?
* Salivary glands
* Mastication mm.
* Lower teeth + lip
* Tongue
* Part of external ear
111
Muscular innervation of the trigeminal nerve
Muscles of mastication
112
In equine, give the nerves innervating the eyes
* Abducent
* Trochlear
* Oculomotor
* Optic
113
In equine, give the nerves innervating the muscles of the head
* Trigeminal
* Facial
114
In equine, give the nerves innervating the mouth
* Vagus
* Glossopharyngeal
* Hypoglossal
115
In ruminants, which nerve should be anaesthetised when dehorning?
R. cornualis *ex zygomaticotemporal ex trigeminal*
116
Which species have a patellar lymph node?
Equine
117
Which species have a suburethral diverticulum?
Su/Ru
118
What is the first heart sound?
Closure of AV valves, systole
119
What is the second heart sound?
Closure of semilunar valves, diastole
120
When can't you hear heart sounds?
Inspiration
121
When can you hear heart sounds?
Expiration
122
Mammary gland arrangement: Equine
* Thoracic: Ø
* Abdominal: Ø
* Inguinal: 2
Total: 2
*2 openings in each teat*
123
Mammary gland arrangement: Swine
* Thoracic: 4
* Abdominal: 6
* Inguinal: 2
Total: 12-14
*2/3 openings in each teat*
124
Mammary gland arrangement: Feline
* Thoracic: 4
* Abdominal: 2
* Inguinal: 2
Total: 8
*4-8 openings in each teat*
125
Mammary gland arrangement: Bovine
* Thoracic: Ø
* Abdominal: Ø
* Inguinal: 4
Total: 4
*1 openings in each teat*
126
Mammary gland arrangement: Canine
* Thoracic: 4
* Abdominal: 4
* Inguinal: 2
Total: 10
*8-15 openings in each teat*
127
Give the blood supply of the retina
Ophthalmic artery *(ex internal carotid)*
128
What lymph node is between latissumus dorsi and deep pectoral?
Accessory axillary
129
In equine, when does Di2 erupt?
6 weeks
130
In equine, what are the borders of Viborg's triangle?
* Linguofacial vein
* Caudal border of mandible
* Tendo m. sternomandibularis
131
Which structures are in incisura vasorum facialum?
* Facial A./v
* Parotid duct
132
Which salivary gland cannot be palpated?
Zygomatic
133
Give the number of vertebrae: Swine
* C: 7
* Th: 14-15
* L: 6
* S: 4
134
Give the number of vertebrae: Ruminant
* C: 7
* Th: 13
* L: 6
* S: 5
135
Give the number of vertebrae: Equine
* C: 7
* Th: 18
* L: 6
* S: 5
136
Give the number of vertebrae: Canine
* C: 7
* Th: 13
* L: 7
* S: 3
137
Give the dental formulae: Swine
Upper: 3/1/4/3
Lower: 3/1/4/3
138
Give the dental formulae: Ruminant
Upper: 0/0/3/3
Lower: 3/1/3/3
139
Give the dental formulae: Equine
Upper: 3/1/3/3
Lower: 3/1/3/3
140
Give the dental formulae: Canine
Upper: 3/1/4/2
Lower: 3/1/4/3
141
Pulse taking from the metatarsal
From the dorsal aspect
142
Which surface isn't anaesthetised during the digital nerve block?
Dorsal surface
143
Which joint is used for distal metacarpal block?
* Fetlock
* Pastern
* Coffin
144
Which joint is used for high digital block?
Fetlock joint
