Path

Question 1

define dysplasia

Answer 1

pre neoplastic
alteration in which cells show disorder tissue organisation
but reversible therefore not neoplastic

Question 2

which has a pushing outer margin?

Answer 2

benign

Question 3

which has an irregualr outer margin and hape, show areas of necrosis and ulceration?

Answer 3

malignant tumous

Question 4

what are anaplastic

Answer 4

cells with norsemblance to any tissues.

mostly like to be malignant

Question 5

describe the grading of breast cancer

Answer 5

Richardson grading
1. decrease number of tubules
mitoses
nuclear pleomorphism

Question 6

what do promoters cause?

Answer 6

cell prolfieration

Question 7

what do initators do?

Answer 7

mutagenci

Question 8

how do we know neoplasms are monoclonal?

Answer 8

x linked case study on G6PD

Question 9

what is lyonisation

Answer 9

x activation

early in F embroyfensis one allele is randoly inactivated in each cell

Question 10

what does genetic alteration affect

Answer 10

proto-oncogenees = oncogenes = favour neoplasm
TSG = suppress neoplasm = inactvated.

Question 11

define leukaema

Answer 11

malignant neoplasm of blood fomring cells arising in bone marrow

Question 12

what are germ cell neoplasms

Answer 12

arise from pluri[otent cells

testis or ovary

Question 13

what is -blastomas

Answer 13

occur mainly in children

formed from immature precurosr cells e.g. nephroblastoma

Question 14

name 3 neuroendocrine tumours

Answer 14

carcinoid tumours
phaeochromocytoma
small cell carcinoma

Question 15

name germline neoplasm of testis

Answer 15

malignat teratoma

seminoma

Question 16

name germline neoplasm of ovary

Answer 16

bengin teratoma

dermoid cyst

Question 17

what increases tumour buden

Answer 17

invasion and spread

Question 18

what is traumatic myositis ossifcans

Answer 18

fibroblasts in muscles undero metastatic change to osteoblast and form bone in muscles

Question 19

what does a niche have

Answer 19

stroma
fibroblasts
endothelal cells
inflamm cells

Question 20

paraneoplastic syndrome

Answer 20

indirect systemic effects
tumour burden
secreted hormones
misc effects

Question 21

how does HPV work

Answer 21

direct carcinogen
expresses E6 (inhibt p53) and E7 (pRB protein function)
invovled in cell prolif

Question 22

how does hep b and c work

Answer 22

indirect carcingognes
chornic liver cell injury and regen
mutations = cancer

Question 23

how does h.pylori work ?

Answer 23

chronic gastric inflamamton

Question 24

hw do parasit flukes work

Answer 24

inflammation in bile ducts and bladder mucosa

incresaing risk of bladder cancer

Question 25

how does HIV work

Answer 25

indirectly lowering immunity allowing other potneitally carcinogenic infections to occur e..g kaposi sarcoma

Question 26

what is XP

Answer 26

AR | affects dna NER

Question 27

what is HNPCC

Answer 27

``` hereditary non-polyposis colon cancer syndome AD colon carcinoma germline mutation affecs DNA MMR genees microsatellilte instability ```

Question 28

what is breast cacrinoma

Answer 28

BRCA1 and 2 genes invovled in repairing ds DNA breaks chromsoomal instability

Question 29

what is genetic instability

Answer 29

chromsone segregation during mitosis abnormal | accelerated mutation rate in malignany neoplasms

Question 30

what are genes that maintain genetic stabi.ity

Answer 30

caretakr genes

Question 31

what is tumour stage

Answer 31

measure of malignant neoplasms overall burden TMN T = size of primary tumour N = regional node metasisi via lymphatics M = extent of distant metastic sread via blood

Question 32

what is TNM convereted into?

Answer 32

stage | I to IV

Question 33

what does stage I mean

Answer 33

early local disease

Question 34

what is stage 2

Answer 34

advance local disease

Question 35

what is stage 3

Answer 35

regional met

Question 36

what is stage 4

Answer 36

advanced disease with distant met

Question 37

describe staging of lymphoma

Answer 37

Ann arbour stage 1 = lymphoma on single node 2 = 2 separate region on one side of diaphragm 3 = spread to both sides of diagnsrm 4 = indicates diffuse or disseminated invovledment of one or more extralympathtic organse..g bone marrow onr lung

Question 38

describe staging of colorectal carcinoma

Answer 38

dukes Dukes A = invasion but not through bowel b invasion through bowel wall c = invovlment of lymph nodesD = distant metas

Question 39

name an antimetaoblite and how it works

Answer 39

mimic normal substartes invovled in dna replication | fluoruracil

Question 40

name an alkylating and platinum platinum based drug and how it works

Answer 40

cyclophosphamide and cisplatin | cross link the 2 strands of DNA helix

Question 41

name an antibiotic and how it works

Answer 41

doxyoubicin inhibits DNA topoisomerase | needed for DNA syntehsis

Question 42

how does bleomycin work

Answer 42

ds dna breaks

Question 43

name a plant derived drug and how it works

Answer 43

vincristine | blocks microtubule assembly and itnerefers with mitotic spindle formation

Question 44

what drug inhibits the fusion protein in CML

Answer 44

philadelphi chromo t9:22 | imatinbi

Question 45

name a tumour marker to monitor cancer burden

Answer 45

oncofetal antigens

Question 46

what is chronic granulmatous disease

Answer 46

Phagocytes unable tog enerate free radical OH- (superoxide) Defect in NADPH oxidase which produces superoxide Cells engulf bacteria which kills bacteria Bacteria survive and accumulate in cells Bacteria are phagocytes but not killed as cant do repsiratoy burst = many chonic infection in first year of life Numerous granulomas and abscesses affecting skin, lymph node lung, liver and bone