PATH CH 17

Question 1

zenker diverticulum occurs

Answer 1

immediately above upper esophageal sphincter

Question 2

traction diverticulum occurs

Answer 2

at esophageal mid- point

Question 3

epiphernic diverticulum occurs

Answer 3

immediately above lower esophageal sphincter

Question 4

Esophageal A rings

Answer 4

squamous epithelium above the gastroesophageal junction

Question 5

Esophageal B rings

Answer 5

gastric cardia- type mucosa @ squamocolumnar junction

Question 6

Achalasia triad

Answer 6

1. incomplete relaxation of lower esophageal sphincter
2. increased LES tone
3. esophageal aperistalsis

Question 7

Primary achalsia

Answer 7

failure of distal esophageal neurons to induce LES relaxation during swallowing

Question 8

What disease can cause secondary achalasia

Answer 8

Chagas disease

Question 9

longitudinal lacerations at gastroesophageal junction– associated with excessive vomitting

Answer 9

Mallory-Weiss tears

Question 10

What virus causes punched out ulcers?

Answer 10

Herpes

Question 11

What virus causes shallow ulceration

Answer 11

CMW

Question 12

Barrett esophagus

Answer 12

complication of chronic GERD

change from squamous to columnar

Question 13

esophageal varices – high portal hypertension induces collateral bypass channels between what circulations?

Answer 13

portal and caval

– congested veins in subepithelial and submucosal veins

Question 14

What are the early changes that llead to adenocarcinoma from barretts esophagus?

Answer 14

chromosomal and p53 abnormalities

Question 15

amplication and mutations of what genes occur in adenocarcinoma?

Answer 15

amplification: c-ERB-B2, cyclin D and E

mutation in Rb and p16/INK4a cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor

Question 16

What is the most common benign esophageal tumor?

Answer 16

leiomyomas

Question 17

Why are NSAIDs harmful to the gastric mucosa?

Answer 17

1. reduce bicarb production

2. interfers with PG action (inhibit acid production, promote mucin secretion, increase vascular perfusion)

Question 18

ulcers induced by shock, sepsis, or severe trauma

Answer 18

stress ulcer

Question 19

ulcers that occur in proximal duodenum, associated with burns or trauma

Answer 19

curling ulcers

Question 20

gastric duodenal and esophageal ulcers in pt with intracranial disease

Answer 20

cushing ulcers

Question 21

In gastric mucosal injuries, what is the single most important determinate of outcome?

Answer 21

the ability to correct the underlying condition

Question 22

form of gastritis that spares the antrum, associated with hypergasterinemia

Answer 22

autoimmune gastritis

Question 23

Intraluminal digestion

Answer 23

emulsification and initial ez breakdown

Question 24

terminal digestion

Answer 24

hydrolysis with enterocyte brush border

Question 25

What categories of diarrhea persists with fasting?

Answer 25

Secretory and Exudative

Question 26

what categories of diarrhea abates with fasting?

Answer 26

osmotic and malabsorptive

Question 27

What diarrhea is due to inflammatory disease?

Answer 27

exudative

Question 28

what type of diarrhea is isotonic with plasma?

Answer 28

secretory

Question 29

Mutation in microsomal triglyceride transfer protein causes what disorder?

Answer 29

abetalipoproteinemia

Question 30

Autoimmune enteropathy is caused by

Answer 30

IPEX: mutations in FOXP3 gene