Path Test 1 Flashcards
(154 cards)
1
Q
What is the study of disease?
A
Pathology
2
Q
What are reversible, functional, and structural responses to changes in physiological states?
A
Adaptations
3
Q
What occurs when failure of energy-dependent ion pumps in the plasma membrane leads to an inability to maintain ionic and fluid homeostasis?
A
Cellular swellling
4
Q
What is the hallmark of reversible injuries?
A
Cellular swelling
5
Q
What are the most characteristic findings associated with irreversible injuries?
A
Nuclear changes
6
Q
What are one of the most important and most common causes of cell injury?
A
Hypoxia
Anoxia
7
Q
What is the loss of blood supply in a tissue due to impeded arterial flow or reduced venous drainage?
A
Ischemia
8
Q
What is the most common cause of hypoxia?
A
Ischemia
9
Q
What is the paradoxical death of cels that are not otherwise irreversibly injured?
A
Ischemia reperfusion injury
10
Q
What is a genetic inborn error that is caused via a hexosaminidase A deficiency?
A
Tay Sachs Disease
11
Q
What is the decrease in size of the cell, tissue, or organ?
A
Atrophy
12
Q
What atrophies after childhood?
A
Thymus
13
Q
Hypertrophy leads to what?
A
Increased tissue size
Increased cell size
14
Q
Hyperplasia leads to what?
A
Increased tissue size
Increased cell quantity
15
Q
Pure hypertrophy occurs ONLY where?
A
Striated and Cardiac muscles
16
Q
Endometrial hyperplasia is due to what?
A
Estrogen causing endometrial thickening
17
Q
Prostatic hyperplasia is due to what?
A
Androgenic hormones causing enlargement of epithelial and stromal cells
18
Q
What is the change of one cell type into another?
A
Metaplasia
19
Q
What is the irregular cellular arrangement with nuclear atypia?
A
Dysplasia
20
Q
What is caused from an increased absorption of dietary iron, hemolytic anemias, and repeated blood transfusions?
A
Hemosiderosis
21
Q
What is caused from inhaled coal particles?
A
Anthracosis
22
Q
Fat stored in the liver as triglycerides leads to what?
A
Steatosis
23
Q
Steatosis is common in what type of patients?
A
Alcoholics
24
Q
What is programmed cell death?
A
Apoptosis
25
Apoptosis can occur in what 2 forms?
Physiologic
| Pathologic
26
What is the most common form of necrosis?
Coagulative
27
What type of necrosis occurs most often in the brain?
Liquefactive necrosis
28
What is a special type of coagulative necrosis such as tuberculosis and histoplasmosis?
Caseous necrosis
29
What type of necrosis is limited to fat tissue and usually occurs around the pancreas?
Enzymatic fat necrosis
30
What usually occurs on the lower extremities and is caused by a bacterial infection of coagulated tissue that causes tissue to become black?
Wet gangrene
31
What is the abnormal deposition of calcium salts in dead or dying tissues?
Dystrophic calcification
32
What is the abnormal deposition of calcium salts in normal tissues?
Metastatic calcification
33
Metastatic calcifications principally affect what parts of the body?
```
Gastric mucosa
Kidneys
Lungs
Systemic Arteries
Pulmonary Veins
```
34
What is the local physiological response to tissue injury?
Inflammation
35
What is the goal of the inflammation reaction?
Bring cells and molecules to the site of infection or tissue damage
36
What are the cardinal sighs of acute inflammation?
```
Rubor - redness
Calor - heat
Dolor - pain
Tumor - swelling
Loss of function
```
"Red Hot Painful Swelling causes Loss of Function
37
What is a plasma protein that is similar to histamine, but acts at a slower pace?
Bradykinin
38
What is a plasma-derived mediator of inflammation that is capable of inciting pain?
Bradykinin
39
What is released by mast cells, promotes contraction of endothelial cells, and leads to formation of gaps in lining of vessels?
Histamine
40
What are involved in vascular and systemic reactions of inflammation?
Prostaglandins
41
What are involved in vascular and smooth muscle reactions?
Leukotrienes
42
What suppresses inflammation by inhibiting the recruitment of leukocytes?
Lipoxins
43
What is the MOST common and medically important cause of inflammation?
Infections
44
What are the 3 major pathophysiology components of acute inflammation?
Dilation
Increased permeability
Emigration
45
What is extravascular fluid that has a high protein concentration and high specific gravity?
Exudate
46
What is fluid with low protein concentration and low specific gravity?
Transudate
47
What are the dominant cells of chronic inflammation?
Macrophages
48
What cells are characteristically found in inflammatory sites around parasitic infection typically associated with allergies?
Eosinophils
49
Serous inflammation causes fluid in the peritoneum, pleura, or pericardium called what?
Effusion
50
Purulent inflammation is characterized by what?
Production of pus
51
Localized collection of pus within an organ or tissue is called what?
Abscess
52
Localization of pus in a body cavity is called what?
Empyema
53
What is a local defect, or excavation of the surface of an organ or tissue?
Ulcers
54
What is used to describe the extensive deposition of collagen that occurs in the lungs, liver, kidney, and other organs as a consequence of chronic inflammation?
Fibrosis
55
What are the 3 steps in scar formation?
Angiogenesis - forms new blood vessels
Formation of granulation tissue - fibroblasts migrate
Connective tissue remodeling - produces fibrous scar
56
What are the 4 steps of wound healing?
Hemostasis
Inflammation
Proliferation
Tissue remodeling
57
During which phase of wound healing does the scab form?
Proliferation phase
| - epithelialization
58
What is the primary site of drug metabolism?
Liver
59
What is first pass metabolism?
Absorption by GI tract, metabolism by liver and/or bowel
60
What does the first pass effect do?
Reduces bioavailability
61
All descendants from stem cells arise from where?
Bone marrow
62
What are the primary lymphoid organs?
Thymus
| Bone marrow
63
What are the secondary lymphoid organs?
Lymph nodes
| Spleen
64
What refers to the ability to mount an immune response?
Immunocompetence
65
Where do T-cells mature?
Thymus
66
Where do B-cells remain?
Bone marrow
67
T-cells present what CD on their surface?
CD4
68
Cytotoxic T-cells present what CD on its surface?
CD8
69
What do B-cells differentiate into to produce IG's?
Plasma
70
What is the largest Ig and is the first to appear after immunizations?
IgM
71
What is the most abundant Ig and can cross the placenta?
IgG
72
What Ig is predominant in mucous secretions and found in milk?
IgA
73
What Ig mediates allergic reactions such as hay fever and asthma?
IgE
74
Which Ig is exclusive to B-cells?
IgD
75
What are incomplete antigens that are not antigenic by themselves?
Hapten
76
What is the most important substance involved with type 1 hypersensitivity?
Histamine
77
What is the major mechanism responsible for cell lysis?
Complement
78
What are the most common Type 1 reactions?
Hay fever
Atopic dermatitis (eczema)
Asthma
Anaphylactic shock
79
What are the most common Type 2 reactions?
Hemolytic Anemia
Goodpasture syndrome
Grave's diseas
Myasthenia Gravis
80
Grave's disease is a form of what?
Hyperthyroidism
81
Myasthenia Gravis is a chronic what?
Autoimmune muscle disease
82
What are the most clinically important type 3 reactions?
Systemic Lupus Erthematosus
Post Streptococcal Glomerulonephritis (PSGN)
Ployarteritis nodosa
83
Which type of hypersensitivity reaction forms memory B-cells?
Type IV
84
What is the MOST common type IV hypersensitivity?
Contact dermatitis
85
What is it called when the patient is both donor and recipient?
Autograft
86
What is it called when genetically identical individuals conduct a transplant?
Isograft
87
What is it called when someone donates and organ to another person?
Homografts / allograft
88
What is it called when donor and recipient are from different species?
Xenograft
89
What is the obliteration of the arterial lumen?
Endarteritis
90
What are the 2 forms of autoimmune diseases?
Systemic
| Organ-specific
91
What is the most important marker found in Lupus?
Anti-nuclear Antibody (ANA)
92
How does amyloidosis effect the kidney?
Changes base membrane and Glomeruli permeability
Proteinuria
93
How does amyloidosis effect the liver?
Compresses parenchymal cells causing ischemia
Atrophy causes hepatic and adrenal dysfunction
94
How does amyloidosis effect the heart?
Weakens myocardial contractions
95
How does amyloidosis effect the brain?
Dementia
| Alzheimer's Disease
96
What tumors are composed of well-differentiated cells that closely resemble their normal counterparts?
Benign tumors
97
A lack of differentiation, or anaplasia, is considered to be a hallmark for what kind of tumor?
Malignant tumor
98
What are malignant tumors that arise from solid mesenchymal tissues?
Sarcomas
99
What are malignant tumors that arise from mesenchymal blood cells?
Leukemias or Lymphomas
100
A mass of disorganized tissue indigenous to the particular site is called what?
Hamartoma
101
What is a mixed tumor that contains recognizable mature or immature cells or tissues?
Teratoma
102
What is an immature teratoma that is a malignant tumor of the gonads?
Teratocarcinoma
103
What is the MOST reliable feature that distinguishes malignant from benign tumors?
Local invasiveness
104
What are normal genes that code for proteins that help to regulate cell growth and differentiation?
Proto-oncogenes
105
What is a progressive loss of body fat and lean body mass, with profound weakness, anorexia, and anemia?
Cachexia
106
What system describes the increasing size of the primary lesion cancer?
TNM system
107
What indicates the progressively advancing node involvement of cancer?
N0 - N3
108
What reflects the absence and presence of distant metastases?
M0
| M1
109
What is the absence of an organ or part of an organ that appears to lack the primordial tissues?
Agenesis
110
What is the absence of an organ but a primordial or rudimentary mass of tissue is found?
Aplasia
111
What is a congenital absence or closure of normal body openings or tubular structure?
Atresia
112
What is the underdevelopment of a tissue, organ, or body?
Hypoplasia
113
What are agents that cause malformations?
Teratogens
114
What is a fetal malformation that causes a small child, thin upper lip, indistinct philtrum, and a short nose with mental retardation?
Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS)
115
What is the term for the loss of a chromosome?
Monosomy
116
What is the term for gain of a chromosome?
Trisomy
117
A child presents with a wide face, bridged nose, slanted eyes, and is consistently sick; what is the probable diagnosis?
Trisomy 21 (Down's Syndrome)
118
Patient present with short statute, webbed neck, broad chest, and abnormal extremities; what is the diagnosis?
Monosomy 45XO (Turner's Syndrome)
119
An infertile male with a small penis and gynecomastia would be diagnosed with what?
Trisomy 47XXY (Klinefelter's Syndrome)
120
A patient who presents with a prominent frontal bossing, loose/weak joints, valvular dysfunction of the heart, and cataracts or retinal detachment could be diagnosed with what?
Marfan's Syndrome
121
What is the MOST common autosomal recessive disease?
Cystic Fibrosis
122
What is a gene mutation to coagulation factors 8 and 9 that are located on the long arm of chromosome X?
Hemophilia A
123
What is a gene mutation to coagulation factor 9 that is located on the short arm of chromosome X?
Hemophilia B (Christmas Disease)
124
What is the term for bleeding into the joints?
Hemarthrosis
125
What is a genetic dysfunction of structural cell dystrophin that begins late in childhood, but most die between 40-50 years old?
Becker’s Muscular Dystrophy
126
What is a genetic dysfunction of structural cell dystrophin that begins early in infancy, but most die in their teens?
Duchenne’s Muscular Dystrophy
127
What is a dysfunction or inappropriate gene activation that causes incomplete fusion of brain covering structures or dysraphic anomaly?
Anencephaly
128
What is excess fluid in body cavities and interstitial spaces called?
Edema
129
What is a function of circulating proteins, primarily albumin?
Oncotic Pressure
130
Increased vessel wall permeability is called what kind of edema?
Inflammatory edema
131
Decreased oncotic pressure means what is low and what type of edema is it?
Low Albumin
Oncotic Edema
132
Increased venous backpressure or increased arterial pressure is called what kind of edema?
Hydrostatic edema
133
Lymphatic obstruction is what kind of edema?
Obstructive edema
134
What type of edema is due to sodium retention?
Hypervolemic edema
135
What are the three factors involved with thrombosis?
Stasis
Vessel wall injury
Hypercoagulability
**Virchow’s triad
136
What cells are primarily involved with thrombosis?
Endothelial cells
137
What is a large pulmonary embolus that is often lethal?
Saddle embolus
138
What is a sudden onset vascular occlusion that creates insufficient blood supply?
Infarction
139
Red infarcts typically happen to what body parts?
Intestines
| Testis
140
White infarcts typically happen to what body parts?
```
Arterial blood
Solid organs (heart, liver, etc.)
```
141
What are the color codes for infarction?
Mottled
Brown
Yellow
White
142
What is the failure of the circulatory system to provide adequate supply of blood to tissues?
Shock
143
What is the final common pathway for several potentially lethal events, such as extensive trauma or burns, myocardial infarction, and pulmonary embolism?
Shock
144
Regardless of cause, shock is characterized by what?
Systemic hypoperfusion of the tissues
145
What is hypovolemic shock?
Loss of circulatory volume
Water loss
Massive hemorrhage
146
What is cardiogenic shock?
Heart pump failure
147
What type of shock is due to infection by bacterial endotoxins causing massive vasodilation?
Septic shock
148
What type of shock is a decreased preload to the heart?
Hypotonic shock
149
What type of shock has a decreased sympathetic tone caused by severe CNS trauma or anesthesia?
Neurogenic shock
150
What type of shock is caused by a type 1 hypersensitivity?
Anaphylactic shock
151
What happens during early or compensated shock?
Tachycardia
Vasoconstriction
Reduced urine output
152
What happens during decompensated shock?
Hypotension
Shortness of Breath
Oliguria
Acidosis (metabolic and respiratory)
153
What happens during irreversible shock?
Cellular and tissue injury
Circulatory collapse
Loss of vital functions
Marked Hypotension
154
What is a simple measure. That distinguishes between hemolytic and aregenerative anemias?
Reticulocyte count
