Patho Flashcards
(120 cards)
1
Q
Which gene mutation is the worst?
A
rRNA - all ribosomal RNA will be defective
2
Q
Anaerobic Respiration
A
Glycolysis
in cytoplasm
1 molecule glucose –> 2 molecules ATP
3
Q
Aerobic Respiration
A
citric acid cycle and oxidative P
in mitochon
1 mol glucose –> 34 ATP’s
4
Q
what inhibits too much replication?
A
telomeres
5
Q
atrophy
A
decreases in cell size
6
Q
hypertrophy
A
increase in cell size
7
Q
hyperplasia
A
increase in cell #
8
Q
metaplasia
A
mature cell type is replaced by a different mature cell type in response to chronic irritation
9
Q
dysplasia
A
cells vary in size and shape due to irritation
10
Q
cell damage: ischemia
A
O2 deficit in cells due to poor blood flow
11
Q
cell damage: hypoxia
A
O2 deficit in tissues due to poor inspiration
12
Q
apoptosis
A
programmed death
13
Q
necrosis
A
disrupted cell metabolism
14
Q
what benefit is there from vitamin E
A
can help prevent damage of free radicals
15
Q
Inflammation and Healing: First Line of Defense
A
non-specific
skin, mucous, hair, tears, saliva, blood clots, gastric juices, sweat
16
Q
Inflammation and Healing: Second Line of Defense
A
non-specific
inflammation and phagocytosis (neutrophils and macrophages)
17
Q
Inflammation and Healing: Third Line of Defense
A
specific
cell-mediated immunity
antibody production
18
Q
Inflammation Signs
A
red, swelling, warm, pain
vasodilation and increased capillary wall permeability
19
Q
White Blood Cells (types)
A
agranulocytes, granulocytes, mast cells, macrophages
20
Q
Agranulocytes (types)
A
monocytes
lymphocytes
21
Q
Granulocytes (types)
A
neutrophils (phagocytosis)
basophils (release histamine to initiate inflammation)
eosinophils (combat the effect of histamine)
22
Q
mast cells fxn
A
release chemicals in response to injury
23
Q
macrophages fxn
A
monocytes that have entered the tissue to be phagocytic
24
Q
inflammation mediators
A
cytokines, histamine, bradykinin, leukotrienes, prostaglandins
25
cytokines fxn
signaling molecules
small proteins that affect the behavior of cells
ex. - interferons
26
histamine fxn
vasodilation
| increase capillary perm
27
bradykinin fxn
vasodilation
increase capillary perm
pain
chemotaxis
28
leukotrienes fxn
vasodilation
increase capillary perm
chemotaxis
29
prostaglandins fxn
vasodilation
increase cap perm
pain
30
Effects of glucocorticoids
decrease capillary perm and reduces the number of leukocytes and mast cells to reduce inflammation
31
types of immunity
humoral - antibodies
| cell-mediated - lymphocytes
32
antigens
stimulate the immune response by producing corresponding antibodies
33
immune system components
bone marrow
thymus
immune cells
34
T Lymphocytes
made in bone marrow, mature in thymus
cell-mediated immunity
"Helper-T cells"
35
B Lymphocytes
made and mature in bone marrow
antibody producing plasma cells with help of T helper cells
"memory B"
36
Immune Response: Primary Exposure
antigen is processed and an antibody is developed
| T lymphocytes are sensitized
37
Immune Response: Secondary Exposure
memory B cells recognize antigen and have prototype antibodies to use
38
active natural acquired immunity
natural exposure to antigen
39
passive natural acquired immunity
IgG or IgM transferred from mom to fetus
40
active artificial acquired immunity
antigen is purposefully introduced
41
passive artificial acquired immunity
injection of antibodies (short term)
42
type 1 hypersensitivity reaction
allergic
43
type 2 hypersensitivity reaction
antibody mediated (poor blood transfusion)
44
type 3 hypersensitivity reaction
immune complex mediated - antigen-antibody complex
45
type 4 hypersensitivity reaction
cell-mediated or delayed; bc T lymphocytes delayed sensitization time
46
Multiple Sclerosis def
autoimmune attacking brain and spinal cord resulting in demyelination of nerves in CNS
47
MS symptoms
changes in gait, spasticity, balance problems, changes in cognition
fatigue, vision problems, numbness, bladder/bowel dysfxn
48
Myasthenia Gravis def
autoimmune attacking acetylcholine receptors causing no muscle contractions
49
myasthenia gravis symptoms
drooping eyelids, speech impairment/hoarseness, facial paralysis, drooling, breathing/swallowing diff
heavy head/weak neck, vision probs, fatigue
50
Guillian-Barre
autoimmune attacking PNS causing demyelination
| temporary
51
Fibromyalgia
autoimmue??
women 40-50
constant pain that is not relieved with anything
inability to relax
52
RA
autoimmune??
| symmetrical inflammation of joints
53
Scleroderma
autoimmune attacking collagen causing skin the thicken and harden
extreme pain and weight loss
54
Sjogren's syndrome
autoimmune for production of fluid for eyes and mouth (stopped); usually with other diseases
55
Hashimoto's Disease def
autoimmune hypothyroidism
| decreased T3/T4 production
56
Hashimoto's Disease sym
cold sensitivity, weight gain, goiter, constipation, dry skin, puffy face, fatigue, hoarse, muscle aches and stiffness, depression
57
Grave's Disease def
autoimmune hyperthyroidism
| excess T3/T4 production
58
Grave's Disease sym
heat sensitivity, weight loss with increased appetite, insomnia, restlessness, anxiety, double vision, cognitive impairments, exophalmos, frequent bowlel movements, fatigue, sweating, SOA on exertion, rapid heartbeat,
59
Cytomegalovirus
flu-like
| mom to baby in delivery
60
Meningitis
infection (bac or vir) of the brain and CNS
Sym: photophobia, severe headache, stiff neck, fever, chills, change in mental status, nausea, vomiting,
Emergency!!
61
Toxoplasmosis
parasite from cat
| mom to baby during pregs
62
Histoplasmosis
skin or lungs (acute and chronic)
63
Crutzfeldt-Jakob def
prion
| mis-folded protein that misfolds others
64
Crutzfeldt-Jakob sym
*rapidly progressing dementia with memory loss
*personality changes
*hallucinations
speech impairment, dyskinesia, balance problems, gait abnormality, seizures
fatal within weeks
65
glial cells
astocytes, oligodendroglia, microglia, Schwaan
66
Resting membrane potential
-70mV
| Na+ outside and K+ inside
67
depolarization
3 Na+ move in
68
repolarization
2 K+ move out
69
Acetylcholine
excitiary and inhibitary
| located in PNS (ANS)
70
caecholamines
excitatory in brain
| epi, norepi, dopamine
71
seratonin
excitatory
| cns and gi
72
glutamate
excitatory
73
GABA
inhibitory
74
Sympathetic nervous system
fight or flight stress response
75
SNS preganglionic fibers
cholinergic
| release ACh
76
SNS postganglionic fibers
adrenergic
| release noradrenaline/norepinephrine
77
Parasympathetic NS
chill
stim bladder and GI
Vagus N (CN X)
78
PNS pregang and postgang fibers
release ACh
receptors are nicotinic or muscarinic
*pre is longer than post
79
MS def
progressive demyelination of neurons in the CNS with formation of lesions/plaques that interfere with the conduction of impulses
80
MS typical pt
women 20-40
| but can affect any gender
81
MS causes
unknown
| may be genetic, autoimmune, loss neuron blood flow, infection
82
MS S/S
blurred vision, parasthesia, progressive weakness, loss of balance/coordination, chronic fatigue
83
Parkinson's Disease def
progressive degeneration of dopamine secreting neurons
84
PD cause
primary - idiopathic
| secondary - encephalitis, trauma, vascular disease, drug induced
85
PD S/S
```
resting tremor
shuffling gait
muscular rigidity
postural instability
Lew bodies
orthostatic hypotension
```
86
Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis def
progressive degeneration and muscle wasting of lateral corticopintal tract affecting motor neurons
87
ALS typical pt
males, 40-60
88
ALS S/S
Upper Motor Neuron - hyperreflexia and spastic paralysis
Lower Motor Neuron - hyporeflexia and flaccid paralysis, hypotonicity
stumbling and falling
eventual respiratory dysfxn
89
Myasthenia Gravis def
autoantibodies against ACh receptors to decrease mus contraction
90
MG S/S
muscle weakness in face/eyes
| difficulty swallowing and chewing
91
Huntington's def
progressive neurodegenerative disorder
| autosomal dominatnt from chrom 4 - depletion of GABA receptors causes atrophy of brain
92
Huntington's S/S
huntington's chorea: rapid, jerky involuntary movements
93
Dementia Def and S/S
Def: progressive chronic disease with decreased cortical fxn
| S/S: impaired cognition, thinking, judgment, memory loss, confusion
94
Alzheimer's def and S/S
Def: progressive cortical atrophy with formation of amyloid plaques and ACh deficit
S/S: smaller brain
95
Complex Regional Pain Syndrome def
abnormal activity of SNS causing pain in one region/extremity out of proportion to injury
96
Rickets/Osteomalacia def
Children/Adults - vit D def that causes bone softening
97
Paget's Disease def
excessive bone destruction and replacement by fibrous tissue
98
Osteogenesis imperfecta
"brittle bone disease"
autosomal dominant mutation of collage I gene
short and blue sclera
99
Legg-Calve-Perthes Disease
avascular necrosis of femoral head
| boys 2-12
100
osteomyelitis
infection of bone s. aureus
101
Tests for hop dysplasia
Barlows (adduct and push down) to Ortolani (flex past 90 and abduct)
102
Talipes Equinovarus
club foot
| median stuff is tight
103
Pott's disease
TB of bone
104
MD Def
degeneration/death of skeletal muscle over time
105
MD cause
mutation of gene for dystrophin
106
MD s/s
hypertrophic appearance of mus
107
Volkmann's Ischemic contracture
loss of blood supply to forearm usually follwing fx
| s/s: mus necrosis, sudden onset of pain, cyanosis of fingers, contractures of fdp and fpl
108
myositis
inflammation of muscles
109
OA
degenerative
110
RA
potentailly autoimmune
111
gout
deposits of uric acid and crystals
| most commonly big toe
112
ankylosing spondylitis
chronic progression of inflammatory autoimmunity starting at SI joint and typically thoracic
113
systemic lupus erythematosus
autoimmune depositing of immune complexes in vessel walls and atrophy of mus cells
butterfly rash, fatigue,
114
tonic clonic seizures
rigidy, mus jerksl blue skin, incontinence
115
absent seizures
blank stare, children, unaware, learning disorders
116
myoclonic
sudden brief massive muscles jerk involving the whole body
117
atonic
legs suddenly collapse
118
infantie
3mo-2yrs
| head falls forward, arms flex
119
3 main symptoms of PTSD
flashbacks
avoidance
emotional detachment from other
120
What is different about bipolar disorder in children than adults?
manic phases are more likely to be irritable and destructive
| depressive phases consist of many physical complaints
