Patho Flashcards
(79 cards)
1
Q
White blood cells that primarily function in allergic reactions to release histamines are: Lymphocytes Neutrophils Eosinophils Monocytes Basophils
A
Basophils
2
Q
The covering of the shaft of the long bones that initiates the bone repair cycle is : Periosteum Peritoneum Perforating canal Osteocyte Epiphysis
A
Periosteum
3
Q
Which of the following is not a bone of the cranium? Frontal Mandible Parietal Sphenoid Ethmoid
A
Mandible
4
Q
Which is a function of the medula oblongata?
- Body temperature control
- Control of the ascending reticular activating system
- Control of respiration
- Responsibility for sleeping
- Maintaining balance
A
Control of respiration
5
Q
The major weight-bearing component of the vertebral column is the: Spinous process Transverse process Vertebral body Spinal foramen Lamina
A
Vertebral body
6
Q
At the beginning of and during most of expiration, the pressure within the thorax is:
- Less than environmental pressure
- More than environmental pressure
- Equal to environmental pressure
- First lower than, and then higher than environmental pressure
- First higher than, and then lower than environmental pressure
A
More than environmental pressure
7
Q
The somatic nervous system primarily innervates the: Cardiac muscle Glands Skeletal muscle Smooth muscle Respiratory system
A
Skeletal muscle
8
Q
The difference between the charge of the inside of a myocardinal cell and its exterior before contraction is termed: Action potential Depolarization Sodium / potassium balance Resting potential None of the above
A
Resting potential
9
Q
The normal cardiac stroke volume is about: 50 ml 60 ml 70 ml 100 ml 120 ml
A
70 ml
10
Q
Which of the following blood vessels have the greatest effect on blood pressure? Aorta The major arteries The veins Arterioles Venules
A
Arterioles
11
Q
Internal respiration occurs in the: Peripheral capillaries Airway Alveoli Pulmonary capillaries Both C and D
A
Peripheral capillaries
12
Q
In what order does digesting food pass through the digestive tract?
- duodenum, ileum, jejunum, colon
- duodenum, jejunum, ileum, colon
- jejunum, ileum, colon, duodenum
- ileum, jejunum, colon, duodenum
- colon, jejunum, ileum, duodenum
A
duodenum, jejunum, ileum, colon
13
Q
Small specialized fibres that connect to the heart valve leaflets and prevent valve prolapsing are: Atrial strictures Chordate tendoneae Papillary muscles Semilunar structures None of the above
A
Chordate tendoneae
14
Q
Stimulation of the heart by the sympathetic nervous system results in:
Negative inotropic and chronotropic effects
Negative chronotropic and dromotropic effects
Positive chronotropic and dromotropic effects
Positive inotropic and chronotropic effects
Positive inotropic and dromotropic effects
A
Positive inotropic and chronotropic effects
15
Q
The majority of the carbon dioxide carried by the blood is: Carried by hemoglobin Dissolved in plasma Transported as bicarbonate Found as free gas in the blood Carried as free radicals
A
Transported as bicarbonate
16
Q
Which of the following is the secondary or backup stimulus that causes respiration to occur?
An increase in pH of the blood
A decrease in pH of the blood
An increase in pH of the cerebrospinal fluid
A decrease in pH of the cerebrospinal fluid
Reduced oxygen levels in the blood
A
Reduced oxygen levels in the blood
17
Q
During pregnancy, a woman's circulatory volume increases by about: 15% 25% 30% 45% 75%
A
45%
18
Q
During decompensated shock, which of the following is likely to occur? Fluid shift from interstitial spaces Systemic alkalosis Cardiac excitation Dropping bloop pressure All of the above
A
Dropping bloop pressure
19
Q
A relaxing of the blood vessel walls is the cause of which type of shock? Cardiogenic Hypovolemic Neurogenic Septic Anaphylactic
A
Neurogenic
20
Q
The normal intracranial pressure is: 120 mmHg 90 mmHg 50 mmHg 25 mmHg Less than 10 mmHg
A
Less than 10 mmHg
21
Q
Which is the opening for light to travel through into the eye? Retina Aqueous humor Vitreous humor Pupil Iris
A
Pupil
22
Q
At its distal end, the spinal cord is attached to the: Foramen magnum Peripheral nerve roots Sacral ligament Lumbar process Coccygeal ligament
A
Coccygeal ligament
23
Q
Insulin’s primary function is:
- metabolize glucose at the cellular level.
- free glucose from muscle storage sites.
- transport glucose across the cell membrane.
- store glucose at the cellular level.
- enhance the function of glucagon.
A
transport glucose across the cell membrane.
24
Q
he volume of air contained in a normal inspiration is about: 150 ml 350 ml 500 ml 6,000 ml None of the above
A
500 ml
25
```
The enzyme that is produced by the kidney and is part of the physiologic response to low blood pressure is called:
aldosterone
angiotensin
erythropoietin
rennin
progesterone
```
rennin
26
```
The term for: the ability of the cells to propagate electrical impulses from one to another.
action potential
automaticity
conductivity
diastole
resting potential
excitability
systole
```
conductivity
27
```
The term for: the stimulation of myocardial cells that subsequently spreads across the myocardium.
action potential
automaticity
conductivity
diastole
resting potential
excitability
systole
```
excitability
28
```
The term for: the period of time when the myocardium is contracting.
action potential
automaticity
conductivity
diastole
resting potential
excitability
systole
```
systole
29
```
The term for: the pacemaker cells' capability of self-depolarization.
action potential
automaticity
conductivity
diastole
resting potential
excitability
systole
```
automaticity
30
```
The term for: the period of time when the myocardium is relaxed and cardiac filling occurs.
action potential
automaticity
conductivity
diastole
resting potential
excitability
systole
```
diastole
31
```
Bile is produced by the:
liver.
pancreas.
stomach wall.
gall bladder
```
liver.
32
```
he normal respiration rate for an infant is:
20-40 breaths per minute.
40-60 breaths per minute.
60-80 breaths per minute.
80-100 breaths per minute.
```
40-60 breaths per minute.
33
The respiratory cycle begins when the lungs have achieved normal expiration and the pressure inside the thoracic cavity:
- is lower than atmospheric pressure.
- equals atmospheric pressure
- is higher than atmospheric pressure
- is not affected by atmospheric pressure
equals atmospheric pressure
34
```
Which of the following is the "gatekeeper" that slows the depolarization impulse and allows the ventricles time to fill?
bundle of HIS
Purkinje system
AV junction
AV node
```
AV junction
35
```
The coronary artery receives blood during:
atrial diastole.
diastole.
systole.
ventricular systole.
```
diastole.
36
```
Which of the following hormones are responsible for increasing the blood calcium level?
prolactin (PRL)
parathyroid hormone (PTH)
antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)
```
parathyroid hormone (PTH)
37
```
Growth hormone releasing hormone (GHRH) is secreted by the:
adrenal gland.
hypothalamus.
pineal gland.
thyroid gland.
```
hypothalamus.
38
```
The portion of the brain that is responsible for fine motor movement, posture, and equilibrium is the:
cerebral cortex.
cerebellum.
cerebrum.
corpus callosum.
```
cerebellum.
39
```
How many bones make up the vertebral column?
34
33
28
31
```
33
40
```
The portion of the brainstem containing the cardiac, respiratory, and vasomotor centers is the:
pons.
thalamus.
medulla oblongata.
hypothalamus.
```
medulla oblongata.
41
```
The MOST specialized muscle tissue is:
smooth muscle tissue.
cardiac muscle tissue.
skeletal muscle tissue.
striated muscle tissue.
```
cardiac muscle tissue.
42
```
An ion with a positive charge is called a(n):
electrolyte.
cation.
anion.
buffer.
```
cation.
43
```
The compartment containing the largest percentage of water in the human body is the:
extracellular compartment
interstitial compartment
intravascular compartment
intracellular compartment
```
intracellular compartment
44
```
The specialized function of speech is located in the ________ of the cerebrum.
occipital cortex
temporal lobes
parietal lobes
frontal lobes
```
temporal lobes
45
```
The phrenic nerve responsible for control of the diaphragm lies in the ________ plexus.
cervical
brachial
lumbar
sacral
```
Cervical
46
```
Nerve cell pathways known as axons compose much of the:
gray matter.
dura matter.
white matter.
pia matter.
```
white matter.
47
```
he type of intercellular communication in which certain cells secrete chemical mediators that act only on nearby cells is known as:
endocrine signaling.
paracrine signaling.
autocrine signaling.
synaptic signaling.
```
paracrine signaling.
48
Which of the following is the correct structural hierarchy of the body?
tissues, cells, organism, organs, organ systems
organism, organs, organ systems, tissues, cells
cells, tissues, organs, organ systems, organism
organism, cells, tissues, organ systems, organs
cells, tissues, organs, organ systems, organism
49
```
The pH scale is ________, each number representing a value ten times that of its neighboring number.
arithmetic
logarithmic
trigometric
incremental
```
logarithmic
50
```
The difference in concentration between solutions on opposite sides of a semipermeable membrane is called the:
hypotonic gradient.
logarithmic function.
osmotic gradient.
oncotic function.
```
osmotic gradient.
51
```
A liquid with a pH of 10 is BEST described as:
neutral.
basic.
acidic.
ionic.
```
basic
52
```
The total loss of water from blood plasma across the capillary membrane into interstitial space is called:
net filtration.
osmolarity.
facilitated diffusion.
active transport.
```
net filtration.
53
```
Which neurotransmitter is found in the synaptic terminals of the sympathetic nerves?
acetylcholine
adrenaline
dopamine
norepinephrine
```
norepinephrine
54
```
The portion of the brain responsible for many involuntary reactions such as temperature regulation, sleep, water balance, and emotions is the:
cerebrum.
pons.
cerebellum.
diencephalon.
```
diencephalon.
55
"Shunt" is best defined as:
An elevated arterial PCO2.
An elevated arterial PO2.
The proportion of the circulation that passes through the tissues without giving up its oxygen.
The proportion of the ciculation that passes through the lungs without taking up oxygen.
The proportion of the ciculation that passes through the lungs without taking up oxygen.
56
_____receptors are located in peripheral blood vessels and are responsible for vasoconstriction
Alpha
57
```
The leaf-shaped cartilage that prevents food from entering the respiratory tract during swallowing is the:
carina.
epiglottis.
uvula.
vallecula.
```
epiglottis.
58
```
The terminal (functional) unit of the respiratory tree is the:
alveolus.
bronchiole.
lamina propia.
pharynx.
```
alveolus.
59
Surfactant's purpose in the alveoli is to:
- aid in facilitated diffusion of oxygen across the alveolar membrane.
- decrease the chance of infection by attacking foreign material in the alveoli.
- decrease the surface tension of the alveoli, thereby allowing them to stay open.
- increase the surface tension of the alveoli.
Decrease the surface tension of the alveoli, thereby allowing them to stay open.
60
```
The exchange of gases between a living organism and its environment is called:
ventilation.
respiration.
aspiration.
hyperoxygenation.
```
respiration.
61
```
The mechanical process that moves air into and out of the lungs is known as:
aspiration.
perfusion.
expiration.
ventilation.
```
ventilation.
62
The pulmonary veins transport:
- carbon-dioxide-rich blood.
- deoxygenated blood.
- oxygenated blood.
- oxyhemoglobin-poor blood.
oxygenated blood.
63
Which 2 organs are more at risk in pediatric populations in relation to trauma because the rib cage has not developed fully yet to cover them?
Kidney and spleen
64
__ weeks of fetal development surfactant is produced by alveolar epithelial cells: greater chance baby will survive premature birth
24
65
This cardiac dysrhythmia represents a complete disconnect in transmission between the atria and ventricles:
3rd degree heart block
66
The feature which allows the right eye to communicate with the left side of the brain is known as the __ ___
optic chasm
67
1. Where is angiotensin secreted from?
2. Rennin?
3. Angiotensin converting enzyme?
4. Aldosternone?
1. Liver
2. Kidney
3. Lungs
4. Adrenal glands
68
1. What is the normal pH range of humans
2. What is the normal range of PaCO2
3. HCO3
1. 7.35-7.45
2. 35-45
3. 18-24 (<18 is acidosis, > 24 is alkalosis
69
1. Where are alpha receptors located?
| 2. What happens when they are stimulated by epinephrine or norepinephrine?
1. Arteries
| 2. The arteries constrict. This increases the blood pressure and the blood flow returning to the heart.
70
1. Where are Beta-1 receptors located?
| 2. What happens when they are stimulated?
1. The heart
| 2. They increase the heart rate and increase the heart's strength of contraction or contractility
71
1. Where are beta-2 receptors located?
| 2. What happens when they are stimulated?
1. Bronchioles of the lungs and the arteries of the skeletal muscles
2. They increase the diameter of the bronchioles to let more air in and out during breathing and they dilate the vessels of the skeletal muscles so they can receive the increased blood flow produced by stimulating the alpha and beta 1 receptors
72
The medulla portion of the adrenal gland produces which hormones? (2)
Epinephrine (adrenaline) and Norepinephrine
73
Gonads, Testes, Ovaries
1. Which 2 hormones are released by these organs?
- Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)
| - Luteinizing hormone (LH) or interstitial cell stimulating hormone (ICSH) in men
74
1. ___stimulates maturation of follicle, releasing estrogen
FSH and LH stimulate release of ovum from ovary
2.__ causes the endometrium to thicken and prepare for implantation, and progesterone begins to be produced along side of estrogen
1. FSH
| 2. LH
75
1. ___stimulates maturation of follicle, releasing estrogen
FSH and LH stimulate release of ovum from ovary
2.__ causes the endometrium to thicken and prepare for implantation, and progesterone begins to be produced along side of estrogen
1. FSH
| 2. LH
76
Testes
1. ___ release will begin to stimulate the seminiferous tubules in the testes to produce spermatozoa
2. ___ stimulates the interstitial cells to release testosterone
1. FSH
2. ICSH
Testosterone is found to stimulate development and activity in sex organs and bring about secondary changes (hair growth, voice change)
77
Which gland is located in the forebrain and releases melatonin, the hormone responsible for our circadian rhythms and sleep?
Pineal Gland
78
Where is erythropoietin produced? and What is its function
Produced by the kidneys and functions and stimulation for red blood cell formation
79
1. Pancreases is a mixed organ what is its exocrine functions?
2. Endocrine functions include hormone secretions from the Oslets of Langerhans. What do the alpha cells produce?
3. Beta cells?
1. Producing digestive enzymes
2. The alpha cells produce glucagon which raises blood sugar
3. The beta cells produce insulin which lowers blood sugar
Glucagon stimulates the conversion of glycogen to glucose, which is then released into the blood
