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CA1 Extra Qns > Patho - Cancer > Flashcards

Patho - Cancer Flashcards

(50 cards)

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1
Q

What is the Big 3 cancer for men?

A
  1. colorectal
  2. lung
  3. prostate
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2
Q

What is the Big 2 cancer for woman?

A
  1. colorectal
  2. breast
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3
Q

Gross features of Benign Neoplasm

A
  1. Smooth surface with fibrotic capsule -> encapsulation
  2. Well-circumscribed (well circumscribed does not mean encapsulated)
  3. No necrosis
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4
Q

Gross features of Malignant Neoplasm

A
  1. Irregular surface without encapsulation -> tumour tissue infiltrate with non-tumour tissue (poorly demarcated from surrounding tissue)
  2. Necrosis and haemorrhage
  3. multi-focal (many lesions present)
  4. pale discolouration
  5. poorly circumscribed
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5
Q

Microscopic features of Benign Neoplasm

A
  1. Compression of other cells
  2. Highly differentiated -> resemble original tissue
  3. Cells are normal, resembles one another -> uniform appearance
  4. Few mitoses
  5. Well-formed blood vessels
  6. No necrosis
  7. No metastasis
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6
Q

Microscopic features of Malignant Neoplasm

A
  1. Invasion of other cells
  2. Poorly differentiated -> do not resemble original tissue (anaplasia)
  3. Cells are abnormal
    - enlarged hyperchromatic
    - high N:C ratio
    - irregular nuclei with large nucleoli
    - clumped chromatin irregularly distributed
    - variation in size and shape (pleomorphism)
  4. Increase & abnormal mitotic activity
  5. Poorly formed blood vessels
  6. Necrosis and haemorrhage
  7. Metastasis to distant sites
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7
Q

Top 2 characteristics of malignant tumour

A

The ability to infiltrate other tissues
The ability to metastasize

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7
Q

Which organs are common organs for distant metastasis?

A

Lungs, liver, brain (highly vascularised organs)

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8
Q

Epithelial cancers are called

A

carcinomas

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9
Q

Non-epithelial cancers with mesenchymal origin are called

A

sarcomas

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10
Q

Tumours of glandular origin are called

A

adenoma (benign)
adenocarcinoma (malignant)

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11
Q

Papillary means

A

Tumour grows with frond-like pattern (long, thin, finger-like)

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12
Q

lipoma is

A

benign fat tumour

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13
Q

leiomyoma is

A

benign smooth muscle tumour

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13
Q

rhabdomyoma is

A

benign skeletal muscle tumour

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14
Q

liposarcoma is

A

malignant fat tumour

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15
Q

leiomyosarcoma is

A

malignant smooth muscle tumour

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16
Q

rhabdomyosarcoma is

A

malignant skeletal muscle tumour

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17
Q

lymphomas, melanomas are malignant or benign tumours?

A

malignant tumours

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18
Q

what are the indications that the tumour is squamous cell origin?

A

keratin pearls, pave-mented appearance, intercellular bridging

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19
Q

what cell product indicates a glandular origin?

20
Q

Teratoma arises from

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A

totipotent germ cell -> hair, teeth, fat, skin can be found

21
Q

Paraneoplastic syndrome is

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A

effects occurring from not where the tumour arose

22
Q

epithelial dysplasia (disordered growth) means

Study These Flashcards
A

premalignant lesion

23
cervical dysplasia is caused by ____ and may progress to __________ and is a ______ killer
cervical dysplasia is caused by HPV and may progress to carcinoma in-situ and is a silent killer
24
carcinoma in-situ means...
the tumour has NOT invaded the basement membrane; not invasive cancer
25
is there a sarcoma in-situ?
no, mesenchymal cells are not bounded by basement membrane
26
Grading of malignant tumours depends on...
their degree of differentiation differentiation refers to the extent the tumour cells resemble the normal tissue
27
grade 1: ____ differentiated grade 2: ____ differentiated grade 3: ____ differentiated
grade 1: well differentiated grade 2: moderately differentiated grade 3: poorly differentiated
28
What are the ways for malignant cancer to metastasize?
1. Local infiltration 2. Hematogenous spread (through bloodstream) 3. Lymphatic spread 4. Spread through body cavities
29
Perineural infiltration means...
tumour infiltrated into the space surrounding nerves
30
Pagetoid spread means...
malignant epithelial cells can spread along the epidermis and other epithelial linings
31
Staging of a tumour involves the...
TNM system T - how big it is (for breast cancer) / how deep it invades (for gastric cancer) N - number of lymph nodes affected M - metastasis yes or no (0 or 1)
32
Primitive (fetal/childhood) tumours are called...
blastomas
33
Mature teratoma is _____ while immature teratoma is _____
Mature teratoma is benign while immature teratoma is malignant (can lead to rupture and torsion)
34
Most carcinomas like to travel in
lymphatics
35
Most sarcomas like to travel in
blood vessels
36
What are the clinical effects of cancer?
1. local effects 2. hormonal effects 3. cancer cachexia 4. paraneoplastic syndromes benign tumours can cause 1, 2 and 4
37
What are the key genes often mutated in cancer?
- proto-oncogenes - tumour suppressor genes - genes regulating apoptosis - genes regulating dna repair - genes that confer growth advantages - genes that maintain genomic stability
38
Hallmark number 1: Growth signal autonomy
proto-oncogenes become oncogenes which drive proliferation of cells - increase growth factors - increase in growth factor receptors (HER2 increases in breast cancers) - change in structure of growth factor receptors - mutations of cell signalling molecules (mutations of RAS gene and BRAF and mutations that activate cyclin genes -> cells grow uncontrollably -> tumour) - activation of transcription factors (MYC)
39
Hallmark 2: Evading growth suppressors
- inactivation of tumour suppressors retinoblastoma and p53 retinoblastoma protein is a key negative regulator of G1/S cell cycle - loss of function mutation - shift from active hypophosphorylated state to inactive hyperphosphorylated state loss of p53 function -> DNA damage goes unrepaired, accumulation of mutations
40
Hallmark number 3: Resisting cell death
Mutation in BCL2 gene -> BCL2 protein is anti-apoptic
41
Hallmark number 4: Replicative immortality
Cancer cells maintain the length of their telomeres by reactivating telomerase
42
Hallmark number 5: Inducing angiogenesis
Cancer cells induce angiogenesis needed for tumour survival and expansion Oncogenes up-regulate Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF) -> stimulate angiogenesis
42
Hallmark number 6: Activating invasion and metastasis
Cancer cells can invade and metastasize
43
Hallmark number 7: Avoiding immune destruction
Tumour cells can express PD-L1 which binds to PD-1 receptor on T cells -> suppression of T-cell response
44
Hallmark number 8: Reprogramming energy metabolism
Cancer cells have an altered metabolism where there is increased glucose uptake and fermentation of glucose to lactate
45
Hallmark number 9: Genomic instability
Cancer cell -> DNA replication error cell -> continues to divide and passes mutation to daughter cells. Loss of MMR proteins renders DNA mismatch repair inefficient -> increase mutation rate Loss of MMR proteins can occur through: - loss of function mutations - DNA promoter hypermethylation of MLH1 gene
46
Hallmark number 10: Tumour promoting inflammation
-
47
What are the 6 main classes of cytotoxic chemotherapy drugs?
1. Alkylating drugs 2. Platinating drugs 3. Anti-metabolites 4. Cytotoxic Antibiotics 5. Mitotic Inhibitors 6. Topoisomerase Inhibitors

CA1 Extra Qns (5 decks)

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