Patho Exam Flashcards
(128 cards)
1
Q
Contact dermatitis
A
contact with an allergen. Redness (erythema) itching (pruritis)
2
Q
Scabies
A
tiny mites, linear burrows in the hands/wrist normally, itching, redness, excoriation
3
Q
Urticaria or hives
which hypersensitivity
A
Type I, IgE
4
Q
Psoriasis
A
cells build up too rapidly on the skins service, kerantinocytes, psoriatic arthritis
5
Q
1st degree burns
A
superficial, erythema, slight pain
6
Q
2nd degree burns
A
partial thickness, epidermis and dermis, blistering, pain
7
Q
3rd degree burns
A
full thickness, charred skin, numbness
8
Q
Hemangioma
A
tumor of blood vessels, usually benign
9
Q
Lice
pediculosis
A
feed off of blood
10
Q
Pressure injuries
A
prolonged pressure on a bony prominence
11
Q
Stage I
A
erythema, non blanchable, skin is still intact
12
Q
Stage II
A
skin is not intact, broken through the epidermal layer
13
Q
Stage III
A
gone through the subcutaneous tissue, possibly see bone/muscle
14
Q
Stage IV
Pressure Ulcer
A
extensive destruction, all the way through, necrosis
15
Q
Tinea
A
Ringworm: circular erythematous itchy rash
16
Q
Strep and staph
A
skin infections
17
Q
Shingles
A
rash of the sensory nerves in a dermatomal pattern, carrying the chicken pox virus, erythematous, vesicular-fluid filled lesions
18
Q
Where is SKIN cancer normally found on the body?
A
“arms”
19
Q
ABCDE
A
Asymmetry Border Color Diameter Evolving
20
Q
Mongolian spot
A
flat bluish gray patch on the lower back, benign, darker color
21
Q
Albinism
A
lacking melanin, hair, eyes, skin, all lighter, optic nerve impairment
22
Q
Molluscum contagiosum
A
poxvirus infection, small, pink, cone shaped palpules, contagious through direct contact.
23
Q
Furuncle
A
boil: can begin in the hair follicles, firm painful nodule, exudate
24
Q
Rosacea
A
chronic inflammatory condition that usually affects the face. Erythema and spiderlike blood vessels.
25
Gout
Too much uric acid in the joint space. Pain, erythema, swelling, warmth. Excessive intake of purines.
26
Muscular dystrophy
progressive muscle loss, leads to weakness. Cardiomyopathy, muscle spasms.
27
Osteoarthritis
wear and tear, degenerative joint disease, progress loss of joint function due to repetitive use. Erythema, joint stiffness, loss cartilage, increased pain with weight bearing activity.
28
Osteoporosis
calcium deficiency: progressive loss leaves bone brittle: imbalance bone resorption and bone formation: brittle: pathologic fractures
29
Psoriasis can lead
psoriatic arthritis
30
Lordosis
exaggerated concave curvature of the lumbar spine.
31
Kyphosis
Curvature of the thoracic spine outward, hunch back, hump
32
Scoliosis
lateral curvature of the spine: pulmonary compromise
33
Compartment syndrome
s/p trauma, increased pressure in an internal compartment placing pressure on the nerves and vessels, leading the pain distal the extremity as well as numbness, tingling and lack of pulses
34
5Ps of compartment syndrome
```
Pain
Pallor
Parasthesia
Paralysis
Pulselessness
```
35
3 complications from compartment syndrome
Osteomyelitis: infections of the bone tissue
Osteonecrosis: death of bone tissue due to loss of blood supply
Fat embolism: piece of fat in the blood vessel that breaks off, can go to the heart, lungs or brain. Shortness of breath, confusion, chest pain, petechiae (pinpoint red lesions of chest) on head and chest
36
Muscle Atrophy
happens to who
muscle loss: elderly, bedrest, cast, paraplegic
37
Osteomalacia/Rickets
adults/kids: lack of vitamin D, bowlegged appearance
38
Dislocation
joint is forced out of a normal position.
39
Hip dysplasia
normally of the children, relaxation of ligaments around the hip joint
40
Why someone might need an amputation?
Osteomyelitis, gangrene, diabetes
41
Sprain
ligament
42
Strain
Tendon or muscle
43
Herniated disc
pressure on the spinal, disc are protruding into the spinal canal, weakness of the skeletal muscles causing impaired nerve supply
44
Stress fracture
repeated or excessive activity on the bone
45
Pathologic fracture
weakness of the bone due to an underlying disease
46
Oblique fracture
angle of the bone shaft
47
Transverse fracture
across the bone shaft
48
Compression fracture
crushed or collapse into small pieces
49
Rheumatoid arthritis
autoimmune inflammatory disorder, inflammation of the synovial joint, fever, joint pain, joint swelling, erythema
50
Fibromyalgia
diffuse pain that is poorly understood
51
Osteogenesis imperfecta
brittle bone disorder, inherited, fractures least of trauma.
glass house
52
Osteosarcoma
bone cancer, very malignant, usually in children
53
Pagets disease
progressive metabolic condition, overactive osteoclast, replacement of bone with weaker bones and fibrous tissue, bones look in enlarged and malformed, bones are weaker, pathologic
54
Ankylosing spondylitis
diffuse and calcify, think stiffness, can happen anywhere, usually in the spine.
55
Scleroderma
hardening and tightening of the skin and connective tissues.
56
Passive immunity
Acquired from mother, passing through breast milk.
57
Active Immunity
Exposed to the virus, or receiving the vaccine.
58
Histamine
released when exposed to an allergen. Potent vasodilator.
59
Macrophages
engulf foreign substances, phagocytosis
60
T Cells
Killer and helper: go directly to the virus and kill it.
61
B Cells
release antibodies, memory cells
62
Basophils
Severe allergic reactions
63
Eosinophil
parasitic infections, allergens, such outside allergies
64
Lymphocytes
viral infections, specialized adaptive cells
65
Neutrophils
bacteria, fungal infections
66
Edema/swelling
- Increased capillary hydrostatic pressure
- Increased capillary permeability
- Venous obstruction
- Increase plasma volume secondary to sodium and water retention
67
IgA
found in the lining of resp. tract, digestive system, tears, saliva, breast mild
68
IgD
found in blood, poorly understood
69
IgM
found in blood and fluid
70
IgG
most common, found in blood and body fluids, fighting against bacterial and viral infections
71
IgE
found in blood, allergens.
72
Localized inflammation
in one area, redness, swelling, increased warmth, pain
73
Systemic inflammation
fever, chills, malaise, hypotension, tachycardia,
74
Interferons
They are our protein friends. Stop viruses from replicating.
75
First barrier
skin and mucous membranes
76
Lupus
autoimmune disorder, butterfly rash (malar) achy joints, fever, malaise, weight loss
77
RA
autoimmune disorder, inflammation synovial sac/membrane, swelling, fever malaise
78
Opportunistic infections
autoimmune diseases, HIV, cancer, immunocompromised, emaciated, failure to thrive
79
Hypersensitivity
Type I: immediate, severe allergic reaction, increased basophils, IgE, peanut allergy
Type II: immediate, cytoxic, IgG, IgM, hemolytic anemia of the newborn, RH negative mom producing antibodies to future pregnancies
Type III: immune complex mediated, delayed, local, systemic, serum sickness
Type IV : delayed hypersensitivy, Mantoux test
80
ESR
Inflammation
81
Chronic stress can lead to
Hypertension
Depression
Hyperglycemia
82
HIV
| Whats cells are destroyed?
CD4 T-helper cells they are destroyed
83
Cachexia
weight loss, emaciated
84
metastasis
Cancer cells can invade other cells
85
Steps of carcinogenesis
Initiation: production
Promotion: uncontrolled growth
Progression : moves to other cells, malignant
86
Anaplastic cells
Divide rapidly, loose differentiation
87
mammogram
Breast cancer
88
What should you be screened for at
| 50 years old?
Colon cancer
89
Neoplasia
New abnormal cell
90
Low blood pressure or low volumes…kidneys produce what?
Renin
| Hypertension, tachycardia, vasoactive constriction, increased peripheral vascular resistance
91
Organelle
Eukyotic Cell
92
What is produced in the
| Mitochondria?
powerhouse, produces/ATP
93
Endoplasmic reticulum
ribosomes that synthesis/produce proteins.
94
Homeostasis
What effects homeostasis?
- maintain equilibrium
| - Infection, illness, temperature, fever
95
Atrophy
low functionality of muscle, decrease cell size
96
Hypertrophy
low functionality, increased cell size
97
Hyperplasia
increase proliferation of tissues
98
Ischemia
Not getting enough oxygen
99
Contraindication
Sign
Symptom
Objective data
not giving a product/medicine/procedure that could cause harm
- what the patient states
- high blood pressure, excessive bleeding, redness
- vital signs
100
What are some causes of edema?
- increased total extracellular fluid
- high local venous pressure
- lymphatic obstruction
- increased capillary permeability
- low plasma oncotic pressure/serum albumin
101
Trousseau sign?
Hypocalcemia, placed blood pressure cuff on the upper arm and you will have hand flexion.
102
Chvosteks sign?
Hypocalcemia, tap on the face and muscle twitching of the face.
103
Dehydration?
Thirst
104
Osmosis
Movement of water from high concentration to low concentration
105
Excess fluid
Edema, hypertension, tachycardia, bounding pulses, crackles
106
Extracellular fluid
Sodium and chloride
107
Intracellular fluid
Potassium and magnesium
108
Fluid excretion
Sweating and urination
109
Hyponatremia/brain why is this a medical emergency
Make free water into the cells of the brain, then swelling places pressure on the brain, leading brain ischemia
110
Bones/teeth
calcium
111
Potassium
3.5-5/EKG/dysrhythmias
112
Sodium
135-145
113
Calcium
8-10.8
114
Chloride
98-108
115
Gastroenteritis
Symptoms-
Gastro-stomach
Enter-intestines
Itis-inflammation
Vomiting, diarrhea, fever, stomach pain
Loosing acid, metabolic alkalosis
116
Active transport
low to high with the use of concentration gradient with the help of ATP
117
Hypertonic solution
higher solutes shifting in
118
Hypotonic solution
lower solutes shifting out
119
Isotonic solution
Equal
120
Highest daily loss of fluids
urination
121
Hypoxemia
a below-normal level of oxygen in your blood, specifically in the arteries. Hypoxemia is a sign of a problem related to breathing or circulation, and may result in various symptoms, such as shortness of breath
122
pH
7.35-7.45
123
PaCO2
35-45
124
HCO3 or bicarb
22-26
125
pH: 7.57 alkalotic
PaCO2: 36 normal
HCO3 Bicarb: 30 high
PaO2: 78% low
Answer: metabolic alkalosis with hypoxemia
126
pH: 7.14 acidotic
PaCO2: 42 normal
HCO3 Bicarb: 16 low
PaO2: 72% low
Answer: metabolic acidosis with hypoxemia
127
pH :7.50 alkalotic
PaCO2: 47 high
HCO3 Bicarb: 32 high
PaO2: 84% normal
Answer: metabolic alkalosis partially compensated
128
pH : 7.30 acidotic
PaCO2: 50 high
HCO3 Bicarb: 28 high
PaO2: 79% low
Answer: Respiratory acidosis with hypoxemia
