Patho Exam 3

Question 1

A 20-year-old male was recently diagnosed with lactose intolerance. He eats an ice cream cone and develops diarrhea. His diarrhea can be classified as _____ diarrhea.

Answer 1

Osmotic
* A nonabsorbable substance in the intestine leads to osmotic diarrhea.*

Question 2

Pain is felt near the midline in the epigastrium, and caused by a stimulus acting on an abdominal organ. The pain felt is classified as:

Answer 2

Visceral

Question 3

The most common disorder associated with upper GI bleeding is

Answer 3

Esophageal varices

Esophageal varices is the most common disorder associated with upper GI bleeding.

Question 4

Bleeding from the rectum is referred to as

Answer 4

Hematochezia

Question 5

A 50-year-old male is experiencing reflux of chyme from the stomach. He is diagnosed with gastroesophageal reflux. This condition is caused by:

Answer 5

Loss of muscle tone at the lower esophageal sphincter
Gastroesophageal reflux is due to loss of muscle tone at the lower esophageal sphincter.

Question 6

Heartburn after eating and difficulty swallowing are classic for which disorder

Answer 6

Hiatal Hernia

Regurgitation, dysphagia, and substernal discomfort after eating are common in individuals with hiatal hernia

Question 7

A type of intestinal obstruction includes one part of the intestine telescopes into another. It may be accompanied by colicky pain followed by vomiting, sweating, nausea, and irritability. Identify the type of intestinal obstruction

Answer 7

Intussusception
Telescoping of one part of the intestine into another; this usually causes strangulation of the blood supply and is more common in infants 10 to 15 months of age than in adults.

Question 8

Peptic ulcer disease is most likely caused by

Answer 8

breaks in the mucosa and presence of corrosive secretions

Peptic ulcer disease is caused by breaks in the mucosa and the presence of corrosive substances.

Question 9

Chronic intermittent pain in the epigastric area 2 to 3 hours after eating is diagnosed as a duodenal ulcer. Which of the following behaviors may have contributed to the development of the ulcer?

Answer 9

Cigarette smoking
Acid production is stimulated by cigarette smoking.

Question 10

A worrisome potential that might develop from a stress ulcer is

Answer 10

bleeding

Question 11

After gastric resection for weight loss, which of the following complications could be caused by the surgery?

Answer 11

Anemia

due to iron malabsorption, which may result from decreased acid secretion

Question 12

A gastrointestinal disorder would be likely to lead to frequently recurring abdominal pain, diarrhea, and bloody stools?

Answer 12

Ulcerative Colitis

manifested by fever, elevated pulse rate, frequent diarrhea (10 to 20 stools/day), urgency, obviously bloody stools, and continuous lesions present in the colon.

Question 13

Incomplete fusion of the nasomedial or intermaxillary process noted on a 3D ultrasound of a 9 week old fetus is associated with which term/diagnosis?

Answer 13

Cleft Lip

beginning the fourth week of embryonic development, a period of rapid development.

Question 14

Cystic fibrosis is associated with which of the following digestive alterations?

Answer 14

Malabsorption

Question 15

Absence of intrahepatic bile ducts in a 7-month old infant would be referred to as _____ atresia

Answer 15

Biliary

Jaundice is the primary clinical manifestation of biliary atresia, along with hepatomegaly and acholic (clay- colored) stools.

Question 16

Occurrence of gastroesophageal reflux is highest in which pediatric population?

Answer 16

Premature Infants

the frequency of reflux is highest in premature infants and decreases during the first 6 to 12 months of life

Question 17

Meconium ileus is associated with which of the following disorders?

Answer 17

Cystic Fibrosis

Question 18

Which of the following symptoms would help a health care provider distinguish between ulcerative colitis and Crohn disease

Answer 18

Malabsorption
Malabsorption is common in Crohn disease and is rare in ulcerative colitis. Both disorders can lead to abdominal pain. Both disorders have a clinical course of remissions and exacerbations. Both disorders lead to diarrhea.

Question 19

In alcoholic cirrhosis, hepatocellular damage is caused by

Answer 19

Acetaldehyde accumulation
caused by the toxic effects of alcohol metabolism on the liver. Alcohol is transformed to acetaldehyde, and excessive amounts significantly alter hepatocyte function and activate hepatic stellate cells, a primary cell involved in liver fibrosis.

Question 20

Cholecystitis is inflammation of the gallbladder wall usually caused by:

Answer 20

Obstruction of the cystic duct by a gallstone

Question 21

Which of the following would potentially lead to increase in intracranial pressure?

Answer 21

• hemorrhage
• brain tumor

Question 22

An increase in intracranial pressure causes displacement of other contents/structures in the cranial vault. The most readily displaced content is the cerebrospinal fluid, which shifts out of the cranial vault

True or False

Answer 22

True

Question 23

Stage 1 intracranial hypertension

Answer 23

The intracranial pressure may be normal or slightly elevated. The pressure difference is usually detected by intracranial pressure monitoring because symptoms are minimal.

Question 24

Stage 2 intracranial hypertension

Answer 24

The increase in the intracranial pressure may exceed the brain’s compensatory capacity to adjust. Clinical manifestations, although subtle, may include confusion, restlessness, drowsiness and slight pupil changes.

Question 25

Stage 3 intracranial hypertension

Answer 25

Intracranial pressure begins to approach arterial pressure. The brain begins to experience hypoxia and hypercapnia. Clinical Manfifestations may include decreasing level of arousal, hyperventilation, bradycardia, small pupils and widened pulse pressure.

Question 26

Stage 4 intracranial hypertension

Answer 26

Brain tissue shifts (herniates) from the area in the skull with the greatest pressure to areas with lesser pressure. As the brain tissue shifts, the blood supply is compromised leading to further ischemia and hypoxia.

Question 27

Cheyne Stokes breathing pattern (alternating pattern of tachypnea and apnea) typically will be seen in the patient who is in stage 2 or stage 3 of intracranial hypertension

Answer 27

False, happens in stage 4

Question 28

When intracranial pressure is increasing, brain tissue will shift (herniate) to areas of lower pressures. This herniation process will rapidly reduce the intracranial pressure and thus alleviate all associated symptoms.

Answer 28

false makes the pressure worse

Question 29

A patient is admitted to the healthcare facility following a motor vehicle accident that resulted in head trauma. The patient has an accumulation of fluid in the extracellular spaces of the brain tissue due to inflammation. This patient most likely has a diagnosis of:

Answer 29

Cerebral Edema

Question 30

Which of the following are true statements regarding hydrocephalus?

Answer 30

* Communicating hydrocephalus is most likely due to defective resorption of CSF and occurs most commonly in adults. Hydrocephalus may be caused by such factors as overproduction of CSF, defective absorption of CSF or an obstruction within the ventricular system. Noncommunicating hydrocephalus occurs because of an obstruction within the ventricular system. This type of hydrocephalus is seen more commonly in children. Characterized by excessive CSF fluid in the cerbral ventricles.

Question 31

A baseball player is hit in the head with the baseball during a game. Upon inspection, the nurse notes a hematoma at the site of the impact. This person has a...

Answer 31

Closed blunt head injury

Question 32

Open head trauma

Answer 32

Break in the dura that results in exposure of the cranial contents to the environment.

Question 33

Diffuse brain injury (Diffuse axonal injury)

Answer 33

Injury to wide-spread areas of the brain.

Question 34

Extradural hematoma

Answer 34

Bleeding between the dura mater and the skull.

Question 35

Subdural hematoma

Answer 35

Bleeding between the dura mater and the brain

Question 36

Contusion

Answer 36

Blood leaking from injured blood vessels. Similar to a bruise.

Question 37

The bat strikes the front of the head. The injury at the site of impact is called...

Answer 37

Coup head injury

Question 38

A patient comes to the acute care clinic following blunt head trauma. The person denies losing consciousness following the trauma. The accompanying family members state that he was initially confused following the trauma for a few minutes but seems better now. The patient is complaining of a headache and feeling "nervous". This patient will most likely be diagnosed with....

Answer 38

mild concussion

Question 39

Hemorrhage

Answer 39

Bleeding into neural tissue as a result of blood vessel damage.

Question 40

Cord Contusion

Answer 40

Bruising of neural tissue causing swelling which may lead to temporary loss of cord-mediated function.

Question 41

Transection

Answer 41

Severing of the spinal cord which leads to permanent loss of function. May be a complete severing or an incomplete severing of the cord

Question 42

Cord Compression

Answer 42

. Pressure on the cord which can cause ischemia to tissues.

Question 43

Which of the following statements are true regarding "spinal shock"

Answer 43

* Spinal shock generally will last 7 - 20 days, although may last for as long as 3 months. * Reflex function is completely lost below the spinal cord trauma lesion. This includes skeletal muscle function, bladder and bowel function as well as sexual function.

Question 44

The patient had a spinal cord injury 30 days prior and has been experiencing Spinal Shock. Upon the nurses assesment of the patient, the nurse notes severe hypertension (systolic @ 300mm Hg), bradycardia, as well as sweating and flushing of the face. The patient complains of a headache and nausea. The nurse assumes that the patient is experiencing Autonomic Hyperreflexia. The nurse knows that...

Answer 44

This is most likely caused by a distended bladder or rectum. The nurse prioritizes interventions to relieve the bladder and/or bowel.

Question 45

Manifestations (effects) of cranial tumors will vary based on the particular site of the tumor in the brain. Effects may include seizures, visual disturbances and unstable gait,

Answer 45

True

Question 46

regarding Brain Tumors?

Answer 46

Gliomas comprise 50 - 60% of all adult brain tumors. Primary brain tumors are called "Gliomas". Tumors within the cranium can be classified as either "primary" or "metastatic". Metastatic tumors most commonly originated from cancerous tumors in the lung, breast, skin, kidney or colorectal areas.

Question 47

A primary brain tumor that is located "extracerebral", but "intracranial", is...

Answer 47

Meningioma

Question 48

Spinal cord tumor that originated within the neural tissues

Answer 48

Intramedullary Tumor

Question 49

Spinal cord tumor that originated from tissues outside the spinal cord.

Answer 49

Extramedullary Tumor

Question 50

Benign tumor of the nerve sheath

Answer 50

Neurofibroma

Question 51

The most common type of Central Nervous System tumor is found on the spinal cord.

Answer 51

False, they are rare

Question 52

Metastatic brain tumors carry a poor prognosis. Survival is about 1 year.

Answer 52

True

Question 53

Answer 53

* weight loss * weakness * anemai * nausea * vomiting

Question 54

Answer 54

fibrosis in small intestine

Question 55

Appendicitis

Answer 55

inflammation of the vermiform appendix

Question 56

Cirrhosis

Answer 56

widespread destruction of hepatic cells in the liver

Question 57

Crohn's Disease

Answer 57

inflammation of any part of the GI tract

Question 58

Diverticular disase

Answer 58

bulging out pouches in the GI wall push mucosal lining through surrounding muscle

Question 59

GERD

Answer 59

backlow of gastric or duodenal contens into the esophagus and past the lower esphageal sphincter

Question 60

Hiatal Hernia

Answer 60

defect in the diaphragm that permits a portion of the stomach to pass through the diphragmatic openiiing into the chest cavity

Question 61

Pancreatic Insufficiency

Answer 61

inflammation of the pancreas

Question 62

Peptic Ulcer

Answer 62

circumsribed lesion in the mucosal membrane of the upper GI tract

Question 63

Ulcerative Colitis

Answer 63

inflammation of the mucos in the colon that causes ulcerations

Question 64

Alzheimers disasea

Answer 64

degenerative disorder of the cerbral cortex

Question 65

Epilepsy

Answer 65

brain condition characterized by recurrent seixures

Question 66

Guillain Barre Syndrome

Answer 66

segmented demyelination of the **peripheral nerves** (**schwann cells)** acute

Question 67

MS

Answer 67

progressive demyelination of the white matter of the **brain and spinal cord (CNS) oligodendroglia** leading to widespread neurologic dysfunction

Question 68

Meningitis

Answer 68

inflammation of the brain and spinal cord meninges

Question 69

Myasthenia gravis

Answer 69

sporadic progressive weaknesa and abnormal fatigue of the skeletal muscles

Question 70

parkinsons disease

Answer 70

produces prgoressive muscle rigidity, loss of muscle movment and involuntary tremors

Question 71

How is body heat conserved

Answer 71

* through vasoconstriction * peripheral blood vessels shunt to the core of the body * body heat is not lost through radiation, conduction, convections

Question 72

What happens to temperature during vasodilation

Answer 72

body heat is lost through radiation conduction, evaporation muscle tone decreased

Question 73

What is a pyrogen

Answer 73

any agent that causes a fever

Question 74

what are heat cramps associated with

Answer 74

sodium loss

Question 75

manifestations of heat stroke

Answer 75

cerebral edema, degeneration of the cns, renal tubular necrosis, death

Question 76

Question 77

cele means

Answer 77

protrusion

Question 78

sclerosis means

Answer 78

hardening

Question 79

what is the underlying cause of seizures with epilepsy?

Answer 79

idiopathic

Question 80

-listhesis- is a compound word meaning

Answer 80

related to scoliosis- when the vertebrae slips backward